The atomic bomb was first used by the Americans against...

The atomic bomb was first used by the Americans against Japan to end the war. The Americans believed that this would end the war as well as giving them a post war diplomatic advantage over the Soviet Union. Instead, the atomic bomb used in World War 2 shifted postwar policies that inadvertently resulted in the Cold War. As Germany fell to the allies, postwar negotiations began. Roosevelt had been clear two fundamentals at Yalta. First, he believed the Nazi state should be eliminated â€Å"as a serious threat in the postwar period†. Second, Roosevelt felt the American people would not let there be an American force in Europe after the war. These led to the main requirements of Roosevelt’s postwar security policies (ALPEROVITZ, 149). His†¦show more content†¦From the soviet point of view, the problem was not quite the same. From 1945 to 1946, American policy slowly moved away from Roosevelt’s approach to Germany. Policies shifted from removing industrial aspect of Germany to rebuilding the German economic power. As the United States’ atomic arsenal grew the Truman Administration â€Å"steadily found the courage to act more forcefully and unilaterally in Germany† (ALPEROVITZ,152). Both the soviets and the United States fear the Germans, even with the atomic bomb. This fear made the United States doubt the rearmament of Germany since they had done so much damage in the past. Along with supporting the rebuilding of Germany, the rearmament also meant another allied force that could prevent Soviet expansion in Europe. The American people demanded rapid demobilization after World War 2. By the end of the war in 1945, the United States had more than 12 million service members under arms and only one year later, the figure was only 3 million. By June 1947, the armed services where no more than 1.5 million strong (ALPEROVITZ, 147).By having Germany rearmed it made the united states demobilize with some confidence when their attentions pointed towards Asia. As tensions grew between South Korea and North Korea American involvement was inevitable. â€Å"The political drama surrounding the Korean War permitted an extraordinary escalation in both cold war hysteria and in military spending†. Once the Korean War began spending shotShow MoreRelatedThe Modern Language Association s Guidelines1634 Words   |  7 Pages Atomic Bomb Research Paper Following the Modern Language Association s Guidelines Hamza Abidi South Brunswick High School Throughout World War II, problems that were faced by each country revolved around the idea of making the right decision. To attempt at making the right decisions, treaties were made between two or more countries that listed certain terms and conditions. However, when these treaties were violated, it made the situations between countries even worse than theyRead MorePresident Truman and the First Atomic Bomb Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesAtomic Bomb Essay In 1945, World War Two was coming to an end. Following Adolf Hitler’s suicide, and Nazi Germany’s unconditional surrender on May 7, 1945, the war in Europe was finally over. The allies began began postwar planning for future, as well as establishment of post-war order and peace treaties issues. America’s war wasn’t done yet as they were still fighting Japan, eventually pushing them back to their main islandRead MoreThe United States Was Justified in Dropping the Atomic Bombs on Japan1244 Words   |  5 PagesStates of America dropped the Atomic Bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The use of these bombs brought a quick end to World War 2, yet caused extensive damage to the two Japanese cities. 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The atomic bomb was a revolutionary invention that raised many questions, most comprehensivelyRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1445 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th and 9th two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The two bombings were the first and only time nuclear weaponry has been used in wartime. These bombs were t he first of their kind, developed by the United States, Canada and Great Britain under the research development plan codenamed the ‘Manhattan Project. It is an important issue because there is much controversy over whether or not the atomic bombs should’ve been initially been dropped. Many sidesRead MoreThe Morality of the U.S. Bombing Hiroshima1348 Words   |  6 Pages On August 6 and 9, 1945, the only atomic bombs ever used in warfare were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The mass destruction and numerous deaths caused by those bombs ultimately put an end to World War II. Was this the only way to end the war, however? Could this killing of innocent Japanese citizens had been avoided and the war still ended quickly. This paper will go into this controversial topic. First, a summary of the events leading upRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb1602 Words   |  7 PagesRoosevelt approved the funding for the American-led effort to develop an atomic weapon. This project was codenamed â€Å"The Manhattan Project.† The original motivation to create an atomic bomb was out of fear that Nazi Germany was pursuing their own atomic project. When the United States successfully tested their nuclear weapon in July 1945, Germany had already surrendered, and the focus of the Allied powers was on the defeat of Imperial Japan. Ultimately, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities inRead MoreAtomic Bombs And Its Effects On Japan1369 Words   |  6 Pagesmany atomic bombs that have killed many Japanese during, World War II in Japan? On August 6, 1945, a new weapon with a significant explosive power known as the atomic bombs just has been dropped on Japan. The dropping of this weapon on Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were 262,020 civilians were killed. The Unite d States to chose the atomic bomb in order for Japan to surrender and end the war quickly. Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protect American livesRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War II Americans dropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine thatRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb1037 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerous years of conflict between the US and Japan in the Pacific, the Enola Gay, an American B-29 bomber, loaded with a new and destructive weapo n, soared across the sky over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Seconds later, that new weapon- an atomic bomb that released its destructive energy by the splitting of uranium atoms- lit up the sky, killing nearly 80,000 Japanese civilians instantly. Three days later, the United States dropped a second bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, which resulted

Comparison of Two Countries Using Hofstede-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theComparison of Two Countries Using Hofstede for Target. Answer: Introduction Power can be defined as the ability of a person to influence others in the organization. This mainly refers to the capacity of the person to affect the ways by which his subordinates behave in an organization. This is mainly related to an exchange relationship that deals with the transactions that occur between the agents and the targets. The agent is referred to a person who uses this power and the target is the person who is on the receiving end of the power (Bakir et al 2016). Change implementation can be influenced by the power of the managers that they are able to exert on the subordinates. The managers in this case can also be termed as change agents and they mainly facilitate the strategic transformation of an organization. The most important quality of a change agent is power. The leaders or the managers need to show their power and use it in the right manner to implement the change in the organizations successfully. The power that is used by the managers needs to be of the right type so that the employees comply with the instructions that are given to them (Beugelsdijk et al. 2015). The perspectives of power can be defined as the different contrasting and incompatible concepts related to power. The three dimensions of power are mainly, subjective and objective power, power as influence, power as ability and power-to and power-over. The perspectives of power are considered to be useful for the organization. The essay will be based on the analysis of the different types of power that can be used by the managers of the organization to implement any strategy or bring a change in the processes. The Hofstede model will be used to compare the cultures that are followed in the organizations in Australia and Singapore. Analysis of Hofstede Model As discussed by, Brouthers et al. (2016), the Hofstedes cultural dimension framework is mainly related to cross-cultural communication and this theory has been developed by Geert Hofstede. This describes the ways by which the culture followed in a particular society can affect the values of the members. The relation of these values to the behaviour of the members of that society is derived from the factor analysis process. The original framework developed by Hofstede depicted four major dimensions which could help in the analysis of the cultural values which includes, individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity. This theory is mainly used in the research related international management, cross-cultural psychology and cross-cultural communication. The Hofstede analysis is mainly used for the purpose of identifying the differences between the national cultures of the countries. The differences between the cultures and the values of differen t countries can be analysed by using the Hofstede model (Clinton 2017). The index of the six dimensions of Hofstede model determines the differences in the cultures that are followed in the countries. The six major components of the Hofstede model are, 1st dimension Power Distance Power distance is mainly related to the inequality of power between the supervisors and the subordinates. 2nd dimension Uncertainty avoidance This dimension is related to the extent up to which the members of a particular society are able to cope with the uncertainty that can occur in the future. 3rd dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism This dimension is related to the level up to which the individuals in the society are interested in the formation of groups. 4th dimension Masculinity vs. Femininity This dimension is related to the distribution of the emotional roles between the different genders. 5th dimension Long-term vs. short term orientation This dimension is based on the orientation of the individuals towards a particular long-term or short-term goal. 6th dimension Indulgence vs. restraint This dimension in mainly based on the happiness level of a particular society (Marieke 2015). Sources of power The five different sources power are as follows, Coercive Power Coercive power is mainly derived from the ability of the person to influence others with the help of threats, sanctions or punishments. This power is therefore related to the ability of the person to fire, punish or reprimand the other employees or subordinates of the organizations. This helps in controlling the behaviour of the employees in the company. Reward Power This power is related to the ability of the person to affect the allocation of the incentives of the organization. These incentives consist of increments of salary, promotions and performance appraisals. Reward power can be used to motivate the employees so that they improve their performance (Lauren, Mathieu and Kukenberger 2016). Legitimate Power Legitimate power is derived from a person who holds a position in the hierarchy of an organization. This type of power can also be termed as positional power. The positional power of legitimate power can be exercised efficiently only if the person has earned the power in a legitimate manner. Expert Power This type of power is related to the expertise or knowledge that is derived from a particular area. The skilled people are high value in the organization and they are also known for their skills related to problem-solving (Jane and Ragins 2017). Referent Power This power is derived from the interpersonal relationships that the people create with the others in the organization. These people possess the referent power when the others have respect for them. This type of power arises from the charisma of the person and ways by which he influences other people in the organization. Referent power can also be derived from the personal connections, trust and the respect among people. The personal relationships of the people help them in generating the power over others. Application of Hofstede model to change management Power Distance Index (PDI) As discussed by, Martin, Evanschitzky and Gilliland (2016), Power Distance Index is related to the degree of inequality of the power between the employees of the organization. Singapore has a high Power Distance Index or PDI which depicts that it deals with many levels of hierarchical power distribution. The society of Australia has low PDI which means that the hierarchical levels in the organizations of this country are low. Change implementation is tougher in organizations with high PDI that is Singapore as compared to the Australia which has low PDI. The reason being that the high PDI organizations have many levels hierarchy which leads to longer time taken for decision-making. In case of a country with high PDI like Singapore legitimate power will prove to be the most useful as many hierarchies are present in the different decision-making levels. On the other hand, for the country with low PDI like Australia rewards power is much more useful the levels of hierarchy are less (Dezhu, Yew-Kwang and Lian 2015). Individualism Vs. Collectivism According to, Handley, Sean and Angst (2015), the degree of individualism in the Australian society is high and it has received a score of 90 in the analysis. The Australian culture is Individualist in nature and the citizens are self-reliant. The degree of individualism is low and it has received a score of 20 in the analysis. The concept of We is important in the society of Singapore and this depicts the highly collectivist culture of Singapore. The people belonging to a certain group are always loyal with each other. The type of power which is suitable for the highly individualist culture like Australia is expert power and the reason is that the knowledge of the individuals in the society can influence others. The power that is suitable for a highly collectivist society like Singapore is the referent power as the interpersonal relationships between the members of the group are good and they are loyal to each other. The change management process will be easier in case of a collectivist society as the members of the society are related to each other and will be able to understand the benefits of change. On the other hand, the change implementation will be difficult in case of a highly individualist society as each of the individuals are interested in their own benefits. Masculinity Vs. Femininity As discussed by, Karlsson et al. (2018), the score of Singapore in this dimension is 48 and this depicts the levels of competition in the society are low. The society is more feminine in nature and it is mainly driven by the values and the ways by which the individuals care for each other. The score of Australia in this dimension is 61 and this depicts that the Australian society is more masculine in nature and the it is drive more by the competition as compared to the values and care that the individuals have for each other. The power that is suitable for a highly masculine society like Australia is the reward power as the high levels of competition in the society will encourage them in competing with each other for rewards. On the other hand, referent power is suitable for a highly feminine society like Singapore as the importance of values in the society will help them in developing interpersonal relationships (Sykes et al. 2014). The change implementat ion process needs to be different for both types of society. In case of a highly masculine society where competition is high the managers of the organizations need to educate the employees about the benefits of the change for the individuals. On the other hand, in case of a society with high values the change needs to be useful for the entire society. Uncertainty Avoidance Index According to, Riadh, Souiden and Choi (2015), the score of Singapore in the uncertainty avoidance index is 8, which is considered to be low. This depicts that the society of Singapore and the individuals are not able to avoid the stress related to the uncertainty that can occur in the future. On the other hand, Australia scores 51 in this dimension which much higher than Singapore. This score depicts that the individuals of this society are able to deal with the changes or the uncertainty that can occur in the future. The power which is suitable for a society with low index of uncertainty is coercive power as the individuals in the society cannot deal with the changes and they need to be sometimes compelled to accept the changes with the help of punishments. The power that is suitable for a society with the high uncertainty index is the legitimate power which will help in instructing the employees to adapt to the changes. The process of change implementat ion will be the toughest for a society with low uncertainty index (Sturm, Rachel and Antonakis 2015). Change can be easily implemented in a society which has low uncertainty index as the individuals are ready to accept change. Long-term Vs. Short term The score of Singapore in the long-term orientation is 72 and that of Australia is 21. This depicts that the society of Singapore deals with long-term goals and the society of Australia mainly deals with short-term goals. The power suitable for Singapore will be referent power and that for Australia will be rewards power. The change implementation will be easier for a society with high long-term score as compared to that with a low long-term score (Mazanec et al. 2015). Indulgence Vs. Restraint The indulgence score of Australia is 71 and that of Singapore is 46. This score depicts that the individuals of the society of Singapore are not able to control their impulses easily as compared to that of the individuals of the Australian society. The referent power is suitable for a society with a low score in indulgence and expert power is suitable for a society with a low score in indulgence. The implementation of change will be easier for a society where the indulgence level is low as compared to a society where the indulgence level is high (Lourdes and Medina 2017). Conclusion The analysis of Singapore based on the Hofstedes cultural dimensions have depicted that change implementation is not easy in the country. Singapore has received a low score in the dimensions like, individualism, masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty and indulgence. This has made the process of change implementation quite tough. The individuals in the society are not able to control their impulses and emotions and this can lead to many issues in the organizations and the changes that are implemented in the organizations. The low importance given to competition in the market is another issue in the society and this can be solved by increasing the levels of competition and further improving their performance so that they can fulfil their duties. Recommendations The masculinity index of the country can be increased by increasing the levels of competition in the market. The degree of indulgence can be reduced by making the citizens of the country more concerned about their own careers rather being impulsive about the decisions that they take regarding their organizations based on impulse. The power distance index in the company can be reduced by changing the organizational structure of the company and reducing hierarchical levels. References Bakir, Aysen, Jeffrey G. Blodgett, Scott J. Vitell, and Gregory M. Rose. "A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions." InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, pp. 226-232. Springer, Cham, 2015. Beugelsdijk, Sjoerd, Robbert Maseland, and Andr Hoorn. "Are scores on Hofstede's dimensions of national culture stable over time? A cohort analysis."Global Strategy Journal5, no. 3 (2015): 223-240. Brouthers, Lance Eliot, Victor B. Marshall, and Dawn L. Keig. "Solving the single-country sample problem in cultural distance studies."Journal of International Business Studies47, no. 4 (2016): 471-479. Clinton, J. Robert.The making of a leader: Recognizing the lessons and stages of leadership development. Two Words Publishing, LLC, 2017. DInnocenzo, Lauren, John E. Mathieu, and Michael R. Kukenberger. "A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadershipteam performance relations."Journal of Management42, no. 7 (2016): 1964-1991. De Mooij, Marieke. "Cross-cultural research in international marketing: clearing up some of the confusion."International Marketing Review32, no. 6 (2015): 646-662. Dutton, Jane E., and Belle Rose Ragins, eds.Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation. Psychology Press, 2017. Eisend, Martin, Heiner Evanschitzky, and David I. Gilliland. "The influence of organizational and national culture on new product performance."Journal of Product Innovation Management33, no. 3 (2016): 260-276. Handley, Sean M., and Corey M. Angst. "The impact of culture on the relationship between governance and opportunism in outsourcing relationships."Strategic Management Journal36, no. 9 (2015): 1412-1434. Karlsson, Niklas PE, Hlne Laurell, John Lindgren, Tobias Pehrsson, Svante Andersson, and Gran Svensson. "A cross-country comparison and validation of firms stakeholder considerations in sustainable business practices."Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society(2018). Ladhari, Riadh, Nizar Souiden, and Yong-Hoon Choi. "Culture change and globalization: The unresolved debate between cross-national and cross-cultural classifications."Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)23, no. 3 (2015): 235-245. Mazanec, Josef A., John C. Crotts, Dogan Gursoy, and Lu Lu. "Homogeneity versus heterogeneity of cultural values: An item-response theoretical approach applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a single nation."Tourism Management48 (2015): 299-304. Munduate, Lourdes, and Francisco J. Medina. "10 How Does Power Affect Those Who Have It and Those Who Dont? Power Inside Organizations."An introduction to work and organizational psychology: An international perspective(2017): 176. Sturm, Rachel E., and John Antonakis. "Interpersonal power: A review, critique, and research agenda."Journal of Management41, no. 1 (2015): 136-163. Sykes, Tracy Ann, Viswanath Venkatesh, and Jonathan L. Johnson. "Enterprise system implementation and employee job performance: Understanding the role of advice networks."MIS quarterly38, no. 1 (2014). Ye, Dezhu, Yew-Kwang Ng, and Yujun Lian. "Culture and happiness."Social indicators research123, no. 2 (2015): 519-547.

The Causes and Effects of World War II Essay Example For Students

The Causes and Effects of World War II Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Causes of World War I3 Effects of World War II4 Conclusion Introduction World War II was a conflict that touches many nations and had a duration for almost 6 years. It was not the first time when people lost peace among them. Those who are aware of history know that previously World War I was taken place and it was not resolved as needed. On this ground, the second conflict burnt out and spread all over Europe and involved the United States. It was a difficult time for each person. The war is associated in people’s mind with horrible pictures of the loss of close family, the poverty, the fear that filled the heart of individuals, and the loss of a significant part of the generation. We will write a custom essay on The Causes and Effects of World War II specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now World War I was definitely the difficult experience, but World War II appeared to be the worse. Zit took too many lives, and lots of innocent residents suffered without even knowing how the conflict started and what the purpose of their hard condition was. The great list of countries took the participant on this occasion including the European countries, Japan, and the United States. Each of them has their own goals and purpose to fight. Some of them could not stand the growth of Adolf Hitler position and his racist politics. When the conflict started not many people would say it will long for such a period and bring so many troubles for the world. In this argumentative essay, you are going to see what the main causes of World War II were and how the conflict impacted the different spheres of the human’s life. Causes of World War I Among the long list of causes that scholars are struggling to define the greatest and the main reason is an unstable condition in the relationships after the World War I. It was the conflict that covered such massive territories and after its end, it was not actually resolved in a proper way. The United States took part in that first conflict in order to establish democratic positions in the world. This is obvious from the speech of the president of the United States, Wilson. However, the end of the first conflict filled the hearts of the residents with a deep feeling of the bitterness that eventually burnt into the second war. People eventually obtained the peace, but it was not accomplished in their conscious. Among the list of others extremely significant were economic causes. Adolf Hitler and his country were defeated in the previous conflict, and they were supposed to repay for the damages they created. The problem of unemployment aroused with rapidness in Germany and quickly spread into the other countries of Europe. Terrific inflation turned the German’s money into nothing. There was no time for Japan, countries in Europe, and America to solve the problem of the world condition as each of them was involved in the inner problems of the country. The economic depression of the large standards met the world. Citizens struggle for changes, but there was not a leader who would help them with this. After World War I, Adolf Hitler appeared in the Germany government becoming a large influencer with his propaganda of Nazism. Adolf Hitler settled himself as a strong influential leader people were forced to obey. This obedience was one of the main prompts of his politics. Such strong leaders appeared in other countries, and their politics was followed by racism and violence. The persuasive claim states that the war began by the leader of Italy and his use of weapons. It quickly spread having involved Spain, Russia with its fascism system and German with its politics of the highest race. In the middle of the conflict, Japan was also involved. Americans tried to avoid their participation but it was impossible, and they took a participant eventually. .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 , .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .postImageUrl , .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 , .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:hover , .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:visited , .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:active { border:0!important; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:active , .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20 .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5613ea696354eb80bda28365b99d8c20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor EssayEffects of World War II Those who are close to history know that World War I had awful consequences, but the effects of World War II were even worse. People obtained the peace on their territories, but there were so many effects of World War that were impossible to be solved easily. The huge number of individuals was lost in the battles, and many of them afterward had lost their homes. The terrific pictures were hard to be destroyed, and they suffered from the emotional pressure. Europe had eventually met the changes and peace, but they were reached by the too expensive methods. World War II stopped the dictatorship among the nations, and this fact belongs to the positive effects of world war. The USA and Russia showed themselves as powerful influencers in the world. Presidents discussed how to save the peace for the later years and continued the formation of Europe borders. The most successful in the territorial division was the Soviet Union that received large parts of the world. Germany was divided into several parts and was controlled by different countries. However, nothing was too simple as the end of World War II did not mean the end of the Cold war between Russia and the USA that lasted until 1999. There were also visible effects of World War in the economic sphere of the world. The great depression that was appeared between the two conflicts was urgent to be solved. It should be said that they are positive enough and led to enormous changes. At the same time, everything was in a huge mess and chaos after the war and was complicated to remain the previous condition. During the war, lots of jobs appeared that solved a little bit the problem of massive unemployment. However, other industries were not necessary, and the economics during the war was paused. It was a great challenge for people to find a second life and relive everything. Actually, it took several years to be established well and to find proper vision how to act further. Conclusion World War II was a second conflict that covered almost all nations in the world. It was aroused on the base of unsolved consequences after the end of World War I and took a long time to be stopped and resolved. This conflict was not between concrete people but touched the whole of Europe, Japan, and even the United States. Each of them has its own special goals. For example, the president of America stated that Europe was not ready to meet the democracy and the country saw its mission to prepare the way for democratic positions. However, the plain citizens who were involved in the war did not even understand what they were fighting for. The conflict took huge massive spread and had horrible complicated consequences. The end of the war has brought peace for nations and huge changes. People need several years to find new forces and energy to live further and develop their economic conditions. It was not easy for all of the countries to relive, but the eventual consequences led to extraordinary results. The world has turned into a new one, and the words of American president Roosevelt came to life. He stated that the world would come to the state when every nation knows how to live in peace with each other.

Zora essays

Zora essays Zora Hurston writes a fascinating piece called "How it feels to be Colored Me". In this piece she tells of the days before and after she became colored. In the days before she knew of only one difference between white and blacks. She never paid much mind to the fact that the rest of the community reacted differently, she did what she wanted. It is the same for most kids at her age. They never really understand what is happening in the world around them until the world around them believes they're old enough to hear the When Hourston turned thirteen she was sent to a school in Jacksonville. She left her home as Hourston and enter Jacksonville as a little colored girl. Hourston made the point that she didn't mind the label the whites put on her. She wouldn't get depressed or let it bother her like the other blacks did. She made the comment "I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are all hurt about it." She makes a very good point here that African Americans tend to have the attitude that they were ripped-off. They blame everything bad that happens to them on the color of their skin. The world has changed but to this day some will sit back and ponder your last response wondering if that was a subtle insult brought upon by the color of their skin. In the piece "How it Feels to be Colored Me" Hourston also describes an experience she had with a white person that made her feel the true color of her skin. She talks about the music making her feel as if she's in a jungle. "My face is painted red and yellow and my body is painted blue. My pulse is throbbing like a war drum." She is feeling so many different emotions from the music yet these emotions are not shared with the white man sitting next to her. "He is so pale with his whiteness then and I am so colored." She feels the color of their skin makes th...

The Tobacco Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tobacco Industry - Essay Example This paper will examine the historical mechanisms through which the tobacco companies exercised their political influence, assess whether they influenced the public policy process legitimately, and discuss how this particular case study affects people generally. As a preliminary matter, from an historical point of view, the tobacco industry has most certainly influenced the public policy process. Their general approach has been essentially twofold. First, the tobacco industry has relied for many decades on financial contributions made to political parties and to individual candidates and incumbents. These financial contributions were not made on the basis of any particular ideological affinity; indeed, until the election of the Clinton administration in the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry contributed roughly the same amount to both political parties. This changed, however when the Clinton administration began to highlight the public health issues involving tobacco. In short, financial contributions were used for many years to influence both parties; after Clinton took a harder stand against tobacco, the contributions continued but predominantly in favor of the Republican Party. These contributions were supplemented by financial contribution s, made through political action committees,, to individual candidates and incumbents. In addition to these "soft money contributions", a second mechanism was the creation, funding, and support of lobbying groups with interests in line with those of the tobacco industry. As the case study notes, the tobacco industry, either of its own initiative or through its proxy, the Tobacco Institute, funded or supported advocacy groups, think tanks, and other research projects consistent with their economic and public policy aims. There was no particular concern for scientific integrity; quite the contrary, as the case study explains, the tobacco industry was most interested in partisan research that could be used to influence public policy in it is favor. In sum, these financial contributions and lobbying efforts formed the primary mechanisms by which the tobacco industry influenced public policy. This influence was profound and remarkably successful; to be sure, the tobacco industry had never lost a product liability lawsuit until 1996, and governmental efforts to regulate tobacco had been fundamentally feeble. The question, in hindsight, is whether the tobacco industry influenced the public policy process in a legitimate manner. The answer must be, despite technical niceties, a resounding no. This is because the tobacco industry effectively corrupted the public policy process for its own ends rather than contributing to an honest public discussion. Politicians were afraid to lose their financial

Marketing planning sos analysis for tesco Essay

Marketing planning sos analysis for tesco - Essay Example Marketing has grown by leaps and bounds today. It is a creative industry that has expanded down to various genres such as advertising, distribution and selling. Customer base is figured out, their needs and aspirations realized and the relevant product developed accordingly. In today’s international arena, Marketing is an important tool since it contributes greatly to the success of the business and its products. Productivity and sales are largely dependent on companies’ marketing strategies. On the other hand, engineering is also an important aspect as it allows innovation in an organization which aims to bring positive change to boost customer or producer value. Most often, innovation is conducted as a private activity within an organization in a series of narrowly managed steps. Keeping in mind the importance of marketing and innovation, companies must understand their product to be able to market them. According to Bill Campbell in an interview, only engineers know the information that they should get and deliver about the product they have produced and only effectively communicating that information to the customers would yield desired results. Now, this effective communication is done by our super-creative marketers. Therefore, it is important that marketers and engineers work hand in hand to effectively deliver what customers want. Marketers know their customers and their goal is to create customer value whereas engineers know their product and their goal is to create producer value. Therefore, when marketers and engineers work together, they yield innovative products that are customer-oriented. In an investigation, it was found that those firms are more successful at innovative product development in which the employees are well equipped with the required skills to strategize marketing as a whole. Recently, a product-development process called Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been adopted by U.S. and Japanese firms who promotes commun ication within the core team (marketing, engineering and manufacturing) and changes communication patterns from â€Å"top-to-bottom† management to focus more on horizontal routes where core team members communicate directly with each other and come up with better results. One of the greatest examples of integrating innovation with marketing is of Apple Inc., a multinational corporation which is ranked as the world’s most innovative company and who markets its designs and products as the customer’s need. Tesco is one of UK’s most successful super markets today. Its total market share stands at 38% and it continues to ride high. It is speculated to become the biggest super market chain of UK very soon. It is currently at number 8 amongst the top 10 grocery retailers of the world. Tesco is known for its huge variety of goods ranging across the board from groceries to fresh food to clothes to compact discs. It’s success has been a result of numerous fa ctors. It is claimed that it’s leading edge in areas like price, customer service, distribution, ecommerce, loyalty cards and own label products have been key to it’s phenomenal success. Their deputy Chairman, Mr David Reid, asserts that Tesco focuses on customer needs and delves a lot of time in understanding the customer needs and wants before translating them into plans aimed at adding value for the

Pharmacological rationale for the use of beta blockers and nitrates in the treatment of patients with ischaemic heart disease Essay Example for Free

Pharmacological rationale for the use of beta blockers and nitrates in the treatment of patients with ischaemic heart disease Essay The goals of treatment in acute myocardial infection are the restoration of blood flow to the coronary arteries and salvaging as much as possible of a functional myocardium. Nitrates and betablockers are some of the main medications used in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Nitrates are beneficial due to their vasodilator effect. Nitrates are metabolized to nitric oxide in the endothelium of blood vessels (Rubenstein et al, 2006, pp261). The nitric oxide has the effect of relaxing vascular smooth muscle causing the blood vessel lumen to dilate. Vasodilation leads to a reduction in cardiac afterload and preload. This decreased the oxygen requirements of the myocardium. Vasodilation in the coronary arteries leads to an improvement in the flow of blood through the partially obstructed coronary vessels and also through the collateral vessels. Nitrates reverse the vasoconstriction that occurs during coronary occlusion (ACC/AHA, 2006). When administered intravenously or sublingually, nitroglycerin has a rapid onset of action. Evidence for the use of nitroglycerin has shown substantive benefit in the long term following therapy for MI. It is useful in such cases when there is no residual ischemia or a severe pump dysfunction (McInnes, 2008, pp255). The use of nitroglycerin is however limited by side effects such as headache, low blood pressure and tachyplaxis (Reid et al, 2006, pp62-63). The tolerance to nitrates can be overcome by providing a nitrate-free interval of eight to twelve hours or by increasing the dose of nitrates. Beta blocker therapy is usually initiated within twelve hours of the start of myocardial infarction symptoms and usually continues for an indefinite period of time. Betablockers are started intravenously and then continued orally with the dose being titrated upward until the maximal dose that can be tolerated (Mozayani and Raymond, 2004, pp220-221).Treatment using a beta blocker has the effect of decreasing the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, reinfarction, and recurrent ischaemia. When given early enough, the beta blockers also reduce the size of the infarct and have overall reduce short-term mortality associated with myocardial infarction (ACC/AHA, 1999, pp). Beta blockers act by decreasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction. This decreases overall myocardial oxygen demand and with reduced oxygen supply, there is minimized myocardial death and injury (Roach and Ford, 2006, pp 350). Betablockers inhibit the sympathetic actions mediated by epinephrine. In blocking the sympathetic nervous system, beta blockers lead to a release of renin that in turn causes a reduction in the aldosterone release which causes the blood pressure to fall. They reduce the effect of physical exertion or excitement on the heart rate and also reduce the force of contraction as well as dilation of blood vessels (Mozayani and Raymon, 2004, pp224). The antianginal effects of the betablockers result from inotropic and chronotropinc effects that reduce the workload of the heart and the oxygen demand of the cardiac tissue. The negative chronotropic properties of beta blockers are responsible for the lifesaving property of control of heart rate. Betablockers have a number of adverse effects. Heart failure is the most recognized amongst this and the most serious. Other side effects include bronchospasm and bradycardia. The benefits in reduction of the risk for reinfarction and mortality however outweigh the side effects thus there are no absolute contradiction to the use of beta blockers in myocardial infarction. In addition to beta blockers, statins are also given for the purpose of lipid management. High LDL cholesterol levels are likely to increase incidents of acute myocardial infarction (Bolooki, 2009). Other hypertensive drugs helpful in controlling blood pressure Other treatments that can be used in the management of acute myocardial infarction include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors class of drugs which have been shown to decrease the mortality rates of patients who have reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. ACEIs reduce myocardial afterload by causing vasodilation. ACE Inhibotros also reduce the size of myocardial infarction and improve the remodeling of the ventricles. These effects have a benefit in reducing the mortality and morbidity of patients post infarction (American Family Physician, 2001, p1). Patients who cannot tolerate the ACEIs there Angiotensin receptor blockers are used. The angiotensin receptor blockers act by causing vasodilation and reducing the secretion of vasopressin. The angiotensin II receptor blockers also Case Presentation: Management of the patient Initial treatment for acute myocardial infarction is directed toward restoring perfusion so that the as much of the jeopardized myocardium as is possible can be salvaged. One of the ways through which this can be achieved is through thrombolytic therapy. Thrombolytic therapy is administered within twelve hours of the beginning of the symptoms (McInnes, 2008, pp255). Prehospital thrombolysis is indicated when there time of call to arrival will probably be over thirty minutes (ACC/AHA, 2006, pp240-241). The aim of thrombolytic therapy is to restore circulation through a blood vessel that has been occluded by a pathological embolus or thrombus. There is however a risk for bleeding complications especially with aspirin administration (Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT) Collaboration, 2009, pp1851). The potential for haemorrhaging increases with age, thus careful consideration is important in Andrew’s case (he is 70years old). Andrew will also have aspirin administered to him. The aspirin can be chewed or dispersible.   Aspirin has antiplatelet activity which interferes with platelet cohesion and adhesion an effect which benefits all patients with coronary syndromes (Mozayani and Raymond, 2004, pp338-339). Clopidogrel can be combined with low dose aspirin in cases of myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (Reid et al, 2006, pp61).The patient should also be put on supplemental oxygen to ensure that the red blood cells are fully saturated to the maximum carrying capacity. This consideration is important because myocardial infarction impairs the function of the heart in circulation which could lead to decreased oxygen uptake. To determine what treatment is appropriate it is important to view MI as part of a wide spectrum of coronary syndromes (ACC/AHA, 2006, pp238). This spectrum includes ST elevated myocardial infarction; non ST elevated myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Those patients who persistently have an elevated ST are considered for reperfusion therapy (ACC/AHA, 2006. pp238-239). Andrew is one of these hence thrombolyis is a very significant factor in his treatment process. For those who there is no ST elevation, this indicates that there may be no myocardial injury. Thus such a patient may not require immediate thrombolysis but can receive anti-ischemic therapy. The initial focus of the ECG is to determine whether there is an ST elevation or not. Once identified, then thrombolysis should be started. Because the pain from MI is intense, it requires adequate and prompt analgesia. The agent of choice for pain management is morphine sulfate. The morphine sulfate will be given at five to fifteen minute intervals. Precaution should be taken administering morphine as it has the likelihood of making hypotension worse which Andrew has. Additionally it also has the side effect of nausea which can lead to an increase in nausea. Since morophine increases the incidence of nausea, it should be administered with an anti-emetic. When myocardial ischaemia is reduced, the patient’s pain is also reduced, thus nitrates, oxygen therapy and betablocker agents all serve to complement the effect of morphine. Nitroglycerin should also be administered as it helps to relax the smooth muscles of vessels causing their dilation. It can be administered intravenously or sublingually. These modes provide a rapid onset of action. Nitroglycerin has its serum concentrations increased by aspirin thus dose adjustment may be necessary when giving both nitroglycerin and aspirin. Specific prehospital care will thus include, obtaining intravenous access, providing supplemental oxygen and providing pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation levels. Immediate administration of aspirin will then follow coupled with administration of nitroglycerin to reduce the chest pain. Additionally, telemetry and a prehospital ECG will be provided for monitoring of the patient’s cardiac activity. Blood will also be taken for renal function tests, electrolytes, clotting screen, cardiac enzymes, C reactive protein, glucose, lipids and full blood count. Precaution however needs to be taken in administering nitroglycerin as Andrew already has a low systolic blood pressure. The patient is in hypotension with a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg. Questions to ask the wife and patient Some of the questions that Andrew or his wife may be asked relate to compliance with the treatment that has been prescribed for him. Other questions include any life style habits that he may have. There is a possibility for difficulty in compliance with treatment due to the long term nature of the medication such aspirin and the beta blockers. Andrew will thus be asked about his compliance to the medication to find out whether he has been taking the medication as prescribed. It is also important to find out what effects the medication have when the patient takes them; that is does he feel relieved, does he have symptoms of nausea, haemorrhaging and   unawareness of hypoglycaemia. These are important to identify as they are some of the side effects of the drugs that could have a negative impact on his adherence to treatment. It is important for Andrew to maintain his lipid levels at a low point so other questions will revolve around the patient’s lifestyle such as whether he has modified his diet to decrease the intake of foods high in cholesterol, whether he is taking the statins to reduce cholesterol levels and whether he smokes or not and whether he has been participating in exercise. References ACC/AHA, 1999, ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction, 1999, A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 34: 1999; 890-911. American Family Physician, 2001, Use of ACE Inhibitors in Treating Acute MI, available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000501/tips/4.html ACC/AHA, 2006, ACC/AHA clinical performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 47: 2006; 236-265 Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT) Collaboration, 2009, Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials, Lancet.  May 30  2009; 373(9678) pp1849-1860 McInnes G, 2008, Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics of hypertension, Elsevier Health, ISBN-13: 978-0-444-51757-9 Mozayani A and Raymon LP, 2004, Handbook of drug interactions: a clinical and forensic guide, Humana Press Reid JL, Rubin PC and Walters RM, 2006, Lecture notes: clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell Roach SS and Ford SM, 2006, Introductory Clinical Pharmacology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Rubenstein D, Wayne D and Bradley, 2003, Lecture notes on clinical medicine, Wiley-Blackwell