Pharmacological rationale for the use of beta blockers and nitrates in the treatment of patients with ischaemic heart disease Essay Example for Free

Pharmacological rationale for the use of beta blockers and nitrates in the treatment of patients with ischaemic heart disease Essay The goals of treatment in acute myocardial infection are the restoration of blood flow to the coronary arteries and salvaging as much as possible of a functional myocardium. Nitrates and betablockers are some of the main medications used in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Nitrates are beneficial due to their vasodilator effect. Nitrates are metabolized to nitric oxide in the endothelium of blood vessels (Rubenstein et al, 2006, pp261). The nitric oxide has the effect of relaxing vascular smooth muscle causing the blood vessel lumen to dilate. Vasodilation leads to a reduction in cardiac afterload and preload. This decreased the oxygen requirements of the myocardium. Vasodilation in the coronary arteries leads to an improvement in the flow of blood through the partially obstructed coronary vessels and also through the collateral vessels. Nitrates reverse the vasoconstriction that occurs during coronary occlusion (ACC/AHA, 2006). When administered intravenously or sublingually, nitroglycerin has a rapid onset of action. Evidence for the use of nitroglycerin has shown substantive benefit in the long term following therapy for MI. It is useful in such cases when there is no residual ischemia or a severe pump dysfunction (McInnes, 2008, pp255). The use of nitroglycerin is however limited by side effects such as headache, low blood pressure and tachyplaxis (Reid et al, 2006, pp62-63). The tolerance to nitrates can be overcome by providing a nitrate-free interval of eight to twelve hours or by increasing the dose of nitrates. Beta blocker therapy is usually initiated within twelve hours of the start of myocardial infarction symptoms and usually continues for an indefinite period of time. Betablockers are started intravenously and then continued orally with the dose being titrated upward until the maximal dose that can be tolerated (Mozayani and Raymond, 2004, pp220-221).Treatment using a beta blocker has the effect of decreasing the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, reinfarction, and recurrent ischaemia. When given early enough, the beta blockers also reduce the size of the infarct and have overall reduce short-term mortality associated with myocardial infarction (ACC/AHA, 1999, pp). Beta blockers act by decreasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction. This decreases overall myocardial oxygen demand and with reduced oxygen supply, there is minimized myocardial death and injury (Roach and Ford, 2006, pp 350). Betablockers inhibit the sympathetic actions mediated by epinephrine. In blocking the sympathetic nervous system, beta blockers lead to a release of renin that in turn causes a reduction in the aldosterone release which causes the blood pressure to fall. They reduce the effect of physical exertion or excitement on the heart rate and also reduce the force of contraction as well as dilation of blood vessels (Mozayani and Raymon, 2004, pp224). The antianginal effects of the betablockers result from inotropic and chronotropinc effects that reduce the workload of the heart and the oxygen demand of the cardiac tissue. The negative chronotropic properties of beta blockers are responsible for the lifesaving property of control of heart rate. Betablockers have a number of adverse effects. Heart failure is the most recognized amongst this and the most serious. Other side effects include bronchospasm and bradycardia. The benefits in reduction of the risk for reinfarction and mortality however outweigh the side effects thus there are no absolute contradiction to the use of beta blockers in myocardial infarction. In addition to beta blockers, statins are also given for the purpose of lipid management. High LDL cholesterol levels are likely to increase incidents of acute myocardial infarction (Bolooki, 2009). Other hypertensive drugs helpful in controlling blood pressure Other treatments that can be used in the management of acute myocardial infarction include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors class of drugs which have been shown to decrease the mortality rates of patients who have reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. ACEIs reduce myocardial afterload by causing vasodilation. ACE Inhibotros also reduce the size of myocardial infarction and improve the remodeling of the ventricles. These effects have a benefit in reducing the mortality and morbidity of patients post infarction (American Family Physician, 2001, p1). Patients who cannot tolerate the ACEIs there Angiotensin receptor blockers are used. The angiotensin receptor blockers act by causing vasodilation and reducing the secretion of vasopressin. The angiotensin II receptor blockers also Case Presentation: Management of the patient Initial treatment for acute myocardial infarction is directed toward restoring perfusion so that the as much of the jeopardized myocardium as is possible can be salvaged. One of the ways through which this can be achieved is through thrombolytic therapy. Thrombolytic therapy is administered within twelve hours of the beginning of the symptoms (McInnes, 2008, pp255). Prehospital thrombolysis is indicated when there time of call to arrival will probably be over thirty minutes (ACC/AHA, 2006, pp240-241). The aim of thrombolytic therapy is to restore circulation through a blood vessel that has been occluded by a pathological embolus or thrombus. There is however a risk for bleeding complications especially with aspirin administration (Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT) Collaboration, 2009, pp1851). The potential for haemorrhaging increases with age, thus careful consideration is important in Andrew’s case (he is 70years old). Andrew will also have aspirin administered to him. The aspirin can be chewed or dispersible.   Aspirin has antiplatelet activity which interferes with platelet cohesion and adhesion an effect which benefits all patients with coronary syndromes (Mozayani and Raymond, 2004, pp338-339). Clopidogrel can be combined with low dose aspirin in cases of myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (Reid et al, 2006, pp61).The patient should also be put on supplemental oxygen to ensure that the red blood cells are fully saturated to the maximum carrying capacity. This consideration is important because myocardial infarction impairs the function of the heart in circulation which could lead to decreased oxygen uptake. To determine what treatment is appropriate it is important to view MI as part of a wide spectrum of coronary syndromes (ACC/AHA, 2006, pp238). This spectrum includes ST elevated myocardial infarction; non ST elevated myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Those patients who persistently have an elevated ST are considered for reperfusion therapy (ACC/AHA, 2006. pp238-239). Andrew is one of these hence thrombolyis is a very significant factor in his treatment process. For those who there is no ST elevation, this indicates that there may be no myocardial injury. Thus such a patient may not require immediate thrombolysis but can receive anti-ischemic therapy. The initial focus of the ECG is to determine whether there is an ST elevation or not. Once identified, then thrombolysis should be started. Because the pain from MI is intense, it requires adequate and prompt analgesia. The agent of choice for pain management is morphine sulfate. The morphine sulfate will be given at five to fifteen minute intervals. Precaution should be taken administering morphine as it has the likelihood of making hypotension worse which Andrew has. Additionally it also has the side effect of nausea which can lead to an increase in nausea. Since morophine increases the incidence of nausea, it should be administered with an anti-emetic. When myocardial ischaemia is reduced, the patient’s pain is also reduced, thus nitrates, oxygen therapy and betablocker agents all serve to complement the effect of morphine. Nitroglycerin should also be administered as it helps to relax the smooth muscles of vessels causing their dilation. It can be administered intravenously or sublingually. These modes provide a rapid onset of action. Nitroglycerin has its serum concentrations increased by aspirin thus dose adjustment may be necessary when giving both nitroglycerin and aspirin. Specific prehospital care will thus include, obtaining intravenous access, providing supplemental oxygen and providing pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation levels. Immediate administration of aspirin will then follow coupled with administration of nitroglycerin to reduce the chest pain. Additionally, telemetry and a prehospital ECG will be provided for monitoring of the patient’s cardiac activity. Blood will also be taken for renal function tests, electrolytes, clotting screen, cardiac enzymes, C reactive protein, glucose, lipids and full blood count. Precaution however needs to be taken in administering nitroglycerin as Andrew already has a low systolic blood pressure. The patient is in hypotension with a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg. Questions to ask the wife and patient Some of the questions that Andrew or his wife may be asked relate to compliance with the treatment that has been prescribed for him. Other questions include any life style habits that he may have. There is a possibility for difficulty in compliance with treatment due to the long term nature of the medication such aspirin and the beta blockers. Andrew will thus be asked about his compliance to the medication to find out whether he has been taking the medication as prescribed. It is also important to find out what effects the medication have when the patient takes them; that is does he feel relieved, does he have symptoms of nausea, haemorrhaging and   unawareness of hypoglycaemia. These are important to identify as they are some of the side effects of the drugs that could have a negative impact on his adherence to treatment. It is important for Andrew to maintain his lipid levels at a low point so other questions will revolve around the patient’s lifestyle such as whether he has modified his diet to decrease the intake of foods high in cholesterol, whether he is taking the statins to reduce cholesterol levels and whether he smokes or not and whether he has been participating in exercise. References ACC/AHA, 1999, ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction, 1999, A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 34: 1999; 890-911. American Family Physician, 2001, Use of ACE Inhibitors in Treating Acute MI, available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000501/tips/4.html ACC/AHA, 2006, ACC/AHA clinical performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 47: 2006; 236-265 Antithrombotic Trialists (ATT) Collaboration, 2009, Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials, Lancet.  May 30  2009; 373(9678) pp1849-1860 McInnes G, 2008, Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics of hypertension, Elsevier Health, ISBN-13: 978-0-444-51757-9 Mozayani A and Raymon LP, 2004, Handbook of drug interactions: a clinical and forensic guide, Humana Press Reid JL, Rubin PC and Walters RM, 2006, Lecture notes: clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell Roach SS and Ford SM, 2006, Introductory Clinical Pharmacology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Rubenstein D, Wayne D and Bradley, 2003, Lecture notes on clinical medicine, Wiley-Blackwell

Equal Pay :: essays research papers

Mike K. Essay on equal pay in the work place. In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Pay equality is most prevalent for the 16 to 24 age group, in which women earn more than 90 percent of what men do; however, the gap becomes 75 percent in the 25 to 54 year old group – those at the height of their careers and life responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of factors have contributed to the gap between men’s and women’s wages. These include: occupational segregation of women into low paying jobs; lower levels of unionization for women and attitudinal barriers that have kept women from achieving equality in the workplace and undervaluation for women’s work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Equal Pay Act (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act), forbids employers to compensate women differently for jobs that are â€Å"substantially equal†, that is, almost identical. Traditionally, women have worked in different occupations than men; these occupations tend to be substantially different, pay less and confer less authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equity means fairness and justice. Pay equity programs throughout the world attempt to legislate and regulate the elimination of systemic gender-based wage discrimination and to ensure ongoing systems that will maintain equitable wage relationships over time. Pay equity programs attempt to address the undervaluation for work traditionally or historically done by women. Pay equity (also referred to as â€Å"comparable worth†) programs require a gender-neutral analysis of comparative work. A variety of very different jobs are compared based on a composite of the skill, effort and responsibility of a job and the conditions under which the job is generally done. The comparison determines the relative worth of those jobs to the achievement of a firm’s objectives, under the proposition that equal contribution merits equal compensation. Where female-dominated jobs in the workplace are found to be of equal or comparable value to male-dominated jobs but paid below the level of the male jobs or payline, then all employees in those female-dominated jobs are entitled to receive pay equity adjustments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But how are these adjustments to be determined in a workplace that already subjectively undervalues the effort and contribution of women and minorities?

A Study of the Speaking Ability of Second-Year Students

Speaking is one of the language skills which are important for second language learners to be developed. Capability to speak English is the priority for many scandalmonger or foreign language learners. Therefore, this research was aimed at knowing the speaking ability of the second year students of SAM N 2 Sick Hull.The students may tell their experience after preparation before performing in front of the lass. This is the important part in developing their memory to make a well-arranged story. Their speaking will be analyzed through five components: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. This research needs three raters in order to avoid subjectivity in evaluating the test. Keyword :Descriptive Research, Speaking ability, telling experience INTRODUCTION Speaking is a productive skill with which people produce words or send a message orally. This skill is closely bound up with the listening.Harmer (2001) states that in many situations productive skill is comb ined with the practice of receptive skills. The communication between two or more people is a blend of listening and speaking where the comprehension of what has been said is necessary for what the participant says next. Productive skills include speaking and writing, two critical components of the complex process of communication. There are countless reasons for communication between individuals: they have something they wish to express, there is something they wish to learn, and the list goes on and on.Speaking requires a greater degree of fluency and thinking â€Å"on the spot†, and requires practice and exposure to the language over time. While productive skills are the skills that involve the process of language production either in oral or written forms. Speaking as one of the productive skills should be learned by the students in order to carry out a communication with other people easily. Speaking plays an important role in social communication. Perhaps, this is becau se we can deliver our ideas and information to other people with oral communication.According to Martin Begat (1987) People speak to make interactions with other people, we often need confidence to speak in order to carry out many of our basic interactions. Consequently, improving your English speaking skills will help you communicate more easily and effectively. Furthermore, speaking is good for motivating the students to learn the language in their school. Speaking is designed to enable the students to communicate and interact to other people in order to gain and enrich their knowledge. Essentially, the goal of language learning is to enable the students to communicate in the language.Therefore, the main purpose of learning is aimed at increasing the students' skills in communicating English well. Definition of immunization mentioned is to understand and express information, mind, feelings and develop science, technology, and culture by using the English language (Depending, 2003) . English achievement in the future expected by learning English can develop their knowledge to all people in the world. Harris (1969) stated that speaking ability has five components which are generally recognized in analyzing speaking.They are as follows: a. Pronunciation includes the segmental features of vowels, consonants, stress, and intonation patterns. B. Grammar correct use of language with respect to word form and word order at the sentence level . Vocabulary is one of words include in language, have many words that must mastery to make the acquisition of an adequate vocabulary as essential for successful second language use. D. Fluency is probably best achieved by allowing the air stream of speech to flow then as some of this speech spill over beyond comprehensibility. E.Comprehension in brief speaking requires that not only knowing how to produce it well but also understanding when, what, and why to produce the language. The ability to speak cannot be separated from thes e five components. A good speaker will deliver the topic to make listener understand it easily. In some cases, students get problems in speaking. It is the fact that to be a good speaker or able to speak becomes a problem for most of students. Teachers always give lessons Just with old teaching techniques without give the students' chances to speak or deliver their ideas; students might be shy to make mistakes in speaking.In fact, students are not interested in studying more about English because of lack of motivation in classroom learning, students only receives materials, write, and follow all the teachers command. According to Joanna Baker and Heather Western (2003), there are many reasons why dents may find learning and using English difficult such as cultural differences, personal differences, and lack of confidence, no time for speaking when studying for examinations, preparation for speaking, and interest in topic.This can lead to real barriers to communication, and can contr ibute to poor motivation in learning. Whereas, we know that the purpose of learning English especially in speaking is to enable the students to use English well both accurately and fluently. In a language lesson, students need to spend time on becoming more accurate. But they also need o practice using the language fluently. 2 METHODOLOGY The population of this research is the second year students of SAM N 2 SICK HULL academic year of 2012-2013.The number of the students is 315. Because the population is large enough, it is necessary to have sample. According to Gay (2004), sampling is the process of selecting number of individuals for a study that represented the larger group from which they were selected. There are several appropriate techniques for selecting a sample which is suitable in certain situations. In this research, the writer use cluster random sampling technique. Cluster random sampling is sampling in which groups, not individuals, are randomly selected.The reason for choosing this technique is less time and easier to obtain permission to use all the students in certain class than several students in many classes. So, the writer takes only one class out of 9 classes as the sample of this research. There are 35 students who took the speaking test. The process of choosing the class is by using lottery. In this case, the writer uses the research instrument of speech in telling experience (recounting events) to collect the data. Each student will speak about their experience in front of the class one by one as a performance test.In order to get the data needed for this research, the writer had administered a test. The test was conducted to know the students' ability in speaking. Three raters checked the result by listening to the students' recorded speech and checking the pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension aspects. The raters give scores for each student. Finally, the scores of the raters are totaled and then divided by th ree. In scoring the students speaking ability, the writer uses the scoring which found in Harris (1974). All the aspects of speaking is divided by 5.Analyzing the students' speaking ability can be done as follows: 5 In order to know the level of ability of the students' speaking ability can be classified as follows: Test Score Level of Ability 81-100 Excellent 61-80 41-60 Mediocre 21-40 Poor 0-20 Very Poor Harms (1986) 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION There are 35 students who took the speaking test. The students' score has been analyzed by three raters. After calculating the real scores of the students from each rater, the writer computes the students' scores from each rater to know the regenerates of the students who get excellent, good, mediocre, poor, and very poor level in speaking.The result of it can be seen as in the following table: Table 1 . The Percentages of the Students' Ability According to the Three Raters No 2 4 Score Range 81 -100 61 -80 41 60 21 -40 Total Frequency 9 17 35 Percentage 0. 00% 25. 71% 48. 57% 100% From table 1, the result of the test is mediocre. It is calculated by combining the students' scores from each rater and it divided by three. It shows that none of the students is in excellent level, 9 (25. 71%) students are in good level, 17 (48. 57%) dents are in mediocre level, then 9 (25. 1 are in poor level, at last, there is none of the student who got very poor level. By this, the writer concluded that this speaking test is not difficult for the students. After getting the score of the students from the raters, the writer classified the students' scores based on each component of speaking as shown in the following table: Table the Students' Average Scores for Each Aspect of Speaking According to The Three Raters Rater 1 The Aspects of Speaking Pronunciation Grammar Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension Rater 2 x 89 79 102 2. 26 2. 54 2. 57 2. 91 72 78 7 107 Rater 3 2. 06 2. 3 2. 49 3. 06 85 91 101 2. 29 2. 43 2. 60 2. 89 The Average Scores of Three Raters 44. 0 48. 0 47. 4 49. 0 59. 0 49. 5 Table 2 shows that the students' average scores for each aspects of speaking according to the three raters. The average scores of Pronunciation aspect is 44. 0. It means that 4 the most difficult aspect in speaking is pronunciation. Few students can say the words correctly and some of them frequently use wrong words. It can be shown in the following table: Table 3. The Percentages of the Students' Pronunciation Score Range Level of Ability Frequency 15 42. 86% 12 34. 29%

Exports/Imports Logistics and Legislation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2787 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Logistics Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Exports/Imports Logistics and Legislation Contents Report 1: Logistics supply chain 1.1NewZealand Wooden product 1.2Destination Country (China) 1.3 Supply chain Logistics 1.4 Warehousing and Distribution 1.5 Freight Forwarders and customs 1.6 Physical Distribution Services 1.7 Product Finishing Operations 1.8 Freight and delivery option Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exports/Imports Logistics and Legislation" essay for you Create order Report 2 Regulation of destination country regarding specific transport packaging and labelling of goods Report 3: Essential components of the export contract 3.1 Headings 3.2 Names and addresses of both the parties 3.3 Representation 3.4 Product, standards and specifications 3.5 Quantity/Quality 3.6 Inspection 3.7 Terms of delivery 3.8 Terms of payment, and amount 3.9 Taxes, duties and charges 3.10 Period of delivery and shipment 3.11 Licenses and permits 3.12 Insurance 3.13 Product Guarantee 3.14 Applicable law 3.15 Minimum orders 3.16 Signature of the parties References: Report 1: Logistics supply chain Supply chain management(SCM) is the management of the flow of goods. It includes the movement and storage ofraw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption. What is Supply Chain? Supplier Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer New Zealand Forest Product Exports Introduction of product Our success is not a matter of luck. We have combined hard work and high quality to build a world ranking company. New Zealand is a great place to grow trees and produce timber. The climate is mild, we get plenty of sun, plenty of rain and we enjoy long growing seasons that are uninterrupted by cold winters. At Southern Cross Lumber we have grown by building a reputation for supplying consistently high quality product. Our customers know and trust our integrity when it comes to doing business and so we enjoy a great deal of customer loyalty. From our base in New Zealand we are able to supply customers throughout the world. We have a dedicated team of professionals whose role in life is to help satisfy your needs. We are driven by a passion to supply quality product to all our customers. NZ Wood is a major promotional and development programme to promote New Zealand forests and wood resources to improve our economy, society and our whole way of life. It was launched in 2008.The forestry and wood industry is New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s third largest industry, contributing an enormous amount to our economy and making up over 12% of New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s export earnings. Public interest in climate change and the environment has never been higher which makes it a great time to highlight to all New Zealanders the benefits of growing forests and using wood. Growing forests absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and by choosing wood over other products we reduce the amount of CO2 emissions. Forests and wood fight global climate change. New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s forest products exports have grown considerably over the past 2 decades, from less than 1 billion USD in 1990 to nearly 3 billion USD in 2010.Major export Items include logs, lumber, paper/paperboard, chemical pulp and MDF. 1.2 Destination country (China) China is New Zealands second-largest trading partner, as well as a major source of migrants, students and tourists. In 2008, New Zealand became the first and only OECD country to conclude a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with China. Since the signing of the FTA, New Zealands exports to China have grown significantly, from NZ$2.3 billion (2008) to NZ$6.7 billion (2012). Dairy products account for over a third of all exports to China, with other key exports being wood, wool, seafood and meat. The export profile is diversifying, with machinery, aluminium, plastics, wine and high technology products (especially telecommunications) featuring in New Zealands non-agricultural exports to China. New Zealands largest imports from China include electronics, clothing, furniture and toys. 1.3 Supply chain Logistics The supply chain incorporates all aspects of moving material from the vendor through the manufacturing process to the final customer. The supply chain focuses on vendors, manufacturers, intermediaries, logistical services and the customer.Supply Chain and Logistics Technology is m anaging (planning and executing) the flow of materials, their transformation into finished goods, and their ultimate delivery as finished goods to the final buyer. Global business is becoming ever more reliant on logistics and supply chain management in order to keep pace with the demands of an increasingly global economy. This is why business leaders acknowledge that the supply chain can be a value creator and a source of competitive advantage. As the global supply chain becomes more complex with every passing year, companies must adapt to this change and incorporate them into their supply chain strategies. This change could mean using vendors from developing nations or exporting goods to new markets. Overall, changes are aimed at delivering greater benefits for both Fonterra and our Vendors. This includes more efficient Management of critical activities such as ordering, planning and managing inventory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and processing of payments! The changes will only invo lve our ANZ business units. 1.4 Warehousing and Distribution To achieve consistency of quality and supply our processing facilities are amongst the best New Zealand has to offer. By controlling the process every step of the way from the arrival of fresh cut longs through to shipping as high quality timber products we guarantee your satisfaction. We are so proud of our facilities that we encourage and welcome customers to visit us in New Zealand and see for yourself that our service and products are second to none. 1.5 Freight Forwardersand customs The freight forwarder is concerned with organizing transportation for companies. Their primary task is to combine smaller shipments to create a single large shipment to minimize the shipping costs. Companies using a freight forwarder will benefit as they are charged a much smaller shipping cost than if they had shipped their product independently. The freight forwarder provides other services which are beneficial to the exp orting company. The services include documentation, payment and carrier selection. International freight forwarders handle both direct and consolidated shipments. Services of an International Freight Forwarder Freight forwarders facilitate shipments by air, vessel or other common carrier. Their services may include, but are not limited to: Ordering cargo to the port of export Preparing export declarations Booking, arranging for and confirming cargo space Preparing delivery orders or dock receipts Preparing ocean bills of lading Preparing consular documents or arranging for their certification Preparing and processing letters of credit Arranging for warehouse storage Clearing shipments in accordance with U.S. government export regulations Preparing and sending advance notifications of shipments or other documents to banks, shippers, consignees or agents as needed Handling freight or other monies advanced by shippers Remitting or advancing freight, monies or credit in connection with the dispatching of shipments Southern cross lumber ltd. has join the World Customs Organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Private Sector Consultative Group (PSCG). Our experience in shipping worldwide allows us to offer you a complete service, this means we take care of all the paper work. This means you know that dealing with us means you will have no stress, no hassle and no worries (no worries is a kiwi expression meaning everything is good) We have stocks of timber waiting to be shipped, this means that we can fulfill your order and start the transport process almost immediately. The time it will take to get to you does depend on your location, however to give you an idea we normally supply within the following timescales. USA West coast 3 weeks USA East Coast à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 6 weeks by sea (4 weeks by sea/land) China 3 weeks UK Europe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 8 weeks 1.6 Physical Distribution Services Export distribution involves the physical act of moving products and is an integral part of intern ational trade. Companies of all sizes should become familiar with the distribution systems between the origin manufacturing location and the targeted markets. While many aspects of international marketing allow an exporter to be creative and unique, there is little room for error in export mechanics. The role of service providers in international logistics and transportation cannot be underestimated. It is best to leave this process to the experts, who make their living by learning the most efficient and ethical transportation methods available. Numerous variables impact shipment logistics and distribution. Transportation modes impact the total cost of the goods, which may fluctuate between nations in regards to requirements on packaging, labeling, transit times, perishability, and damage or loss of cargo. Mistakes in this process lead to increased labor costs. Many hours of work can go into solving problems that could have been avoided by taking the time to learn the process in the first place. 1.7 Product Finishing Operations All the timber treatments we offer are designed to preserve the timber in the use to which it is being put. All treatments are safe and we pride ourselves on being environmentally friendly. We can offer a wide variety of treatments including H1,H2,H3,H4,H5 and LOSP. We not only offer cca treatments but we can also provide Pre-Priming in a large variety of colours. All timber is Inspected for quality Correctly dried at 8-12% Checked for measurement tolerance Knot free and clean 1.8 Freight and delivery option All our timber is packaged and shipped within containers that ensure that the moisture content and quality of the product remain at optimum levels. All wood is inspected manually whilst shipping and in this way we retain quality.Banded together to prevent movement and damage during transit, you can be assured that every piece of lumber you receive will be usable. No mess, no fuss, no waste. New Zealands ports are in operation 365 days per year and we have constant shipments being exported to the USA, Asia and Europe. As a global business we understand the process of shipping around the world. For this reason we offer a complete service. We are able to offer a to your door service that removes the need to do any of the paperwork yourself, we do it all. Report 2 Regulation of destination country regarding specific transport packaging and labelling of goods Packaging is used to protect our product, minimize damage and plays an important role throughout lifecycle of the product. it protects the product from the atmosphere, micro-organisms and pests from the time of packing until it is consumed and it also the first perception the customer has of the product. This requires packaging to be both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Importation Requirements for Wooden Packaging Materials With an increasing number of factories moving to China, importation of cargoes into China is becoming more common. What follows are some useful tipsfor Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s importation requirements for wooden packaging materials. In order to fulfill the requirements for importing into China, Mr. Chan has sent his cargo packed in wooden crates for fumigation and has obtained a fumigation certificate from the fumigation company. After that, Mr. Chan sent all relevant documents together with the fumigation certificate t o the corresponding department of the Chinese government for approval of importation. Quite beyond Mr. Chanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations, it took 3 months for him to get the approval needed to import his cargo into China as the IPPC stamps were incorrectly applied to the wooden packaging materials by the fumigation company. The Chinese government will check the details of the fumigation certificate for each importation. According to Notice No. 84 issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) of China on 1stJanuary 2006, the importation requirements for wooden packaging materials include:  ·All wooden materials which make up a shipping package must be fumigated / treated according to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) by the agents whom are certified by the government of the country from which the goods were exported  ·IPPC stamps should be placed on the wooden materials / packaging materials by the above-mentioned agents  ·The treatment and the stamps should also conform to AQSIQ requirements Report 3: Essential components of the export contract A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation that is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or morecompetent parties.A contract can be worked out either by the seller or the buyer, and it is called a sales contract or purchase contract respectively. But it is difficult to draw up a comprehensive contract that can be standardized for all export transaction. However, the exporter and importer should be aware of certain minimum general requirements when drawing up an export sales contract. From a more practical perspective, a contract may be summarized in the following fourbasic points: It is anagreement, generally in writing,between two ormore parties. It contains rights and obligations. The contract document establishes the rules that are to be followed by the parties. It servesto regulate business relations It is generally for a specifcperiod of time. Content of a contract 3.1 Headings This is thetitle of thecontract; for example: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sales Agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Distributorship Agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Brokerage Agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , etc. Our Contracts heading is Export Contract. 3.2 Names and addresses of both the parties This content identifies anddescribes the parties, i.e. the persons and/or companies signingthe contract. The parties to the contract should be clearly stated. For example: Exporterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s address: Southern Cross lumber co.ltd 45 Bryant road Te Rapa Hamilton 3200 Phone:078497056 Importerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s address: Anhui import and export co. ltd, 107 Science road Hefei, Anhui, China Phone: 0086-551-5338900 Fax: 0086-551-5338855 5338800 Website: https://www.aniec.com Ningbo cixi import and export corp ltd Sishan road 269,cixi,ningbo, Zhejiang Phone:0086-574-63886702 Fax:0086-574-63813763 E-mail:[email  protected]/* */ Website: https://www.cncie.com 3.3Representation: This clause follows immediately after the naming of the parties and states the attributes of the person, who appears to sign the contract, 3.4 Product, standards and specifications This content is about the product means which type of product we are going to export. It includes the product name. If there are any size in which the product is to be supplied; the applicable national or international standards and specifications are needed. For example Wood product (lumber) 3.5 Quantity/Quality This clause describes thetype of goods to be delivered, aswell as the quantity, size, weight, quality standards and other specifications. In this units of measures should be clearly specified. 3.6 Inspection This clause is about inspection of the product before exporting it to the market. There are some agencies that do this kind of inspection when product is ready to export from Manufacture Company. Therefore, the parties should clearly state the nature of the inspection process. 3.7 Terms of delivery Terms of delivery should be clearly specified in contract. It just determine the time required in which the goods are to be delivered. 3.8Terms of payment, and amount This clause determines the method of payment, the amount, the frequency and theplace where payment will be received for the transactions carried out. 3.9 Taxes, duties and charges Taxes charged applied under the common agricultural policy. If any, in the country of importation may be the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility. So it should be clearly defined. 3.10 Period of delivery and shipment It specifies the period in which the product is delivered to his destination i.e China. It also defines about the shipment. All shipping documents must be presented to customs officials by the importer or their agent upon the entry of goods into China. The following documents are mandatory: Customs Entry or Informal Clearance Document (ICD) Air waybill (AWB) or bill of lading (BLAD) Commercial invoice Packing list, and Other documents relating to the importation and requested by the importer. 3.11 Licenses and permits We have to disclose documents regarding to Export license and permit to export dairy product. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Customs does not require companies or individuals to hold licenses to import goods. However, depending on the nature of the commodity, permits may be required to clear the goods. 3.12 Insurance A contract should provide for the insurance of goods against loss, damage or destruction during transportation. 3.13 Product Guarantee The length of the period of guarantee should be fixed. 3.14 Applicable law In this clause both parties have to disclose and agree with the law is going to applicable means if something goes wrong in trade then we have to define in the contract before trade that which countries law will apply. 3.15 Minimum orders: This clause may serve to compensate for the assignation of territory and the granting or not of exclusivity. It generally establishes an initial minimum order or the products of the principal/exporter. It may also determine subsequent minimum orders, which, ingeneral, will be submitted in a phased manner and in accordance with a reference schedule 3.16 Signature of the parties This is the last stage of contract where Exporter and Importer are agreed and sign with all above steps and they are responsible for any dispute in trade. Refrences: https://www.southerncrosslumber.co.nz/ https://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/exports/forests/standards/china.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China https://english.mofcom.gov.cn/ https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/export-markets/greater-china/china/ https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/eng/document.jsp?did=125684cid=512oid=32 https://www.cncie.com/en/profile.asp