Scandals :: essays research papers fc

Imagine a boardroom of these corporate executives, along with their lawyers, accountants, and investment bankers, plotting and planning to take over a public company. The date is set an announcement is only weeks away. Once the meeting is over, several phone their brokers and instruct them to purchase tons of stock of the lay Company. When the buyout is announced, the share price zooms up and the investors drop these stock shares for millions of dollars in profits. Insider trading is perfectly legal. The officers and directors who owe a duty to stockholders have the same right to condescension and purchase the security as the next person does. The primary difference between legal and felonious insider trading lies in the motive. What I plan to let off in this paper is investigating the illegal aspects of insider trading and the scandal of it. What is insider trading? According to Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it is "any manipulative or deceptive dev ice in connection with the purchase or sale of any security." This ruling served as a deterrent for the early part of this century forwards the stock market became such a vital part of our lives. But as the 1960"s arrived and illegal insider activity to be a lot, courts were chained by the vague definition. So members of the judicial system were now forced to interpret "on the fly" since Congress failed to resource them with a concrete definition. This resulted in cardinal theories of insider trading liability that have evolved over the past three decades through judicial and administrative interpretation. The classic and the misappropriation theory, is the classic concept is the type of illegal activity one usually thinks of when the words "insider trading" are said. This theory started from the 1961 SEC administrative object lesson of Cady Roberts. This was the Secs first time to amaze these security tradings by corporate insiders. The ruling basiacally brought about the way that we define insider trading - "trading of a firms stock or derivatives assets by its officers, directors and other key employees on the basis of information not available to the public." The Supreme Court officially recognized the classical theory in the 1980 case U.S. v. Chiarella. U.S. v. Chiarella was the first criminal case of insider trading. Vincent Chiarella was a printer who put together the coded packets used by companies preparing to launch a tender offer for other firms.

The Need for Recycling Essay -- Recycle Reuse Landfill Trash

The Need for RecyclingThis essay has problems with the formatPeople Need to reuse In the United Sates, where the population is inflated every year. The amount of space for landfills decreases every day. The need for recycling should not be asked, it should just be through out of habit. Everyone in America needs to recycle, to help the lamdfill problem, help the environment, and help produce new products from recycled goods. In America there is about two-hundred and eight gobs of residential and commercial trash generated a year, 4.3 pounds per person a day (Prichard 1A). This is an overwhelming amount of trashed produced yearly. When people recycle this number can be drastically cut. But many people do not practice and use recycling. Consumers and businesses should use the three Rs recycle, reuse, and recharge (Prichard 1A). Consumers and businesses are producing more slobber than ever before. As a result, we are rapidly running out of landfill space. In 1979 America had close to 1 8,500 landfills, and by 1991 that number was nearly cut in half (Prichard 10A). Kentucky, Ohio, Minnesota, and Illinois go forth reach their maximum limit on landfills by the year 2005 (Prichard 10A). This whole garbage problem has forced us to try early(a) options. Many of these options have been very unsuccessful. People have tried burning their garbage, that cause pollution to the environment. Some states even resorted to dropping their trash in the ocean, but to have the very same trash float ashore later. Dumping it on other states leads to feuding neighbors. Indiana passed a law to block imports of out-of-state trash, but a federal court ruled the law illegal (Prichard 10A). Instead of trying to find new ways to dump our trash, we need to find b... ...se cans out of our rivers and parks. Everyone should wash up involved with a local recycling program of some sorts. Every city has recycling bins for newspapers, paper, cans, bottles, plastics, almost everything there is. Wh en people get involved, the landfills, and the environment will all be greatly inproved. So take the time to recycle and America will truly be a beautiful place to live. work CitedHall, Cindy. Trash and Back. USA Today 14 November 1997 1A.Lipkin, Richard. Recycling, King of the Trash Heap. New Tech 26 February 1990 48-49. Pendleton, Scott. Sellers Tickled by Demand for Recycled Paper. The Christian Science Monitor 26 August 1997. Prichard, Peter. Bottle-Deposit Laws Fight Litter and Waste. USA Today 29 April 1990 8A. Prichard, Peter. Trash Glut Demands Recycling Solution. USA Today 19 February 1994 10A.

Free College Admissions Essays: Train Ride :: College Admissions Essays

Train Ride The members of the Committee on Admissions seek to gain an understanding of you as a psyche through a create verbally essay. This essay is your opportunity to discuss an idea that is important to you, to write about a person who has influenced you, or to describe an experience that has helped shape who you are. The committee is withal interested in how you think and how you express your thoughts. I ride the metro whenever I can. Ive ridden all five lines into fifty different neighborhoods. Sometimes I go to my internship downtown other days I visit the museums at the capital barely many days I travel alone, without a destination, merely to delight the experience. Experiences like this A small black boy climbs down from his fathers lap and walks shyly towards the young man sitting across the aisle. His attention caught by a bit of color on the mans wrist, he tugs at his cuff and looks questioningly up at him. The man is dressed in business attire - but upon rollin g up his sleeve reveals a solid mass of tattoo from wrist to elbow. A smile creeps into the mans face as he watches the boy marvel at the art. I enjoy people watching. I speak to no one, I only observe everyone, and wonder about their lives. What did the man with the tattoo study in school? I hope he is some kind of artist. What kind of music does he mind to? I imagine that we listen to many of the same songs. He looks too young to have children, but does he plan to? The way he humors and smiles at the boy, I hope he does. I imagine he has younger siblings who adore their big brother. In my mind I explore the possibilities and I make up answers to my own questions. past I move on to others, to the people who just sit alone and keep to themselves. They fascinate me the most, because their outward appearances give me so little insight into their lives. They may seem dull and anonymous to most and go unnoticed by others on the train, but I know that each person, like myself, has th eir story. Each person has a favorite song, a best friend, and a nickname, and each person is going somewhere.

Essay --

A. Specific AimsWest Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in New York City in 1999 and quickly spread across the US to become the dominant mosquito-borne viral infection in humans in the country. Since its introduction to the US, WNV has been estimated to cause more than 3 million infections resulting in 37,000 confirmed cases of WNV complaint in humans, 43% of which resulted in neuroinvasive diseases, and 1,100 deaths3. WNV has also been responsible for declines in certain US avian populations affecting oer 100 different species. Avian species that are postgraduately susceptible to pixilated WNV disease belong to the Corvidae family, including American crows (AMCRs) in which WNV infection is 100% lethal. This high mortality rate has led to the creation of a national surveillance program based on AMCRs in order to forecast WNV transmission to humans4.The catching and pathological mechanisms to explain the interspecies variability in WNV susceptibility that have caused such large -scale declines in North American bird populations have not been determined. The objective of this proposal is to investigate a) the antiviral response elicited in three avian species which contribute differentially to the amplification of WNV and have different disease outcomes following WNV infection, b) the differential antiviral induction potential in host cells and the sensitivity to antiviral host responses of three strains of WNV displaying a range of virulence capacities, and c) the intent of cellular tropism in the elicitation of the host antiviral response and on WNV replication within host cells. I hypothesize that avian hosts susceptible to severe WNV disease do not mount an effective innate antiviral response that could control viral replication and diss... ...ent bird species. Based on info divisorrated in Aim 1.1 genes identified to contribute to either susceptibility or resistant phenotypes in the type I interferon pathway will also be examined in this subaim. To identify the cell types critical for WNV amplification in each avian species, viral load will be quantified by qRT-PCR for each of the 8 time points. The mosquito cell targeted virus will serve as a control since replication will be unrestricted.Expected outcomes and potential pitfalls. It is anticipated that gene expression within the type I IFN pathway will be differentially expressed between the different inoculation groups and bird species. By constraining viral replication, we might also negatively impact the antiviral response in cell types that are major contributors to the type I IFN pathway thereby altering dissemination and viral replication potential.

I won :: essays papers

I wonDo revolutions have to have bloody conflicts in them to be called that? The Industrial variety is a direct contradiction to that statement it is the only revolution in history not to have one single drop of blood disgorge at any time. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1700-1850 in which new technology was being discovered at an alarming rate. The average British person born in 1760 saw more changes in his or her lifetime than ten generations of ancestors had seen in theirs.There were many factors that aided the Industrial Revolution. one for instance was the change in farming many wealthy landowners started to buy out small landowners this process was called enclosure. In the 1700s many wealthy landowners began to calculate for new ways to increase the size of their harvests. The first man to experiment in this way was Jethro Tull he ameliorate the process of sowing the seed by a seed drill it allowed farmers to sow seed in well-spaced rows at specific depths. The second invention to follow was the invention of crop rotation many farmers precious to find a way to keep their fields fertile so they would waste a year of planting. So instead of letting the field be barren was to grow a different crop each year so it would stay fertile and you could still grow crops. The bordering improvement in farming was when Robert Bakewell began trying to raise his quality of livestock by allowing only the best animals to breed he increased the weight of his sheep and also greatly improved the taste of the mutton. This improvements in farming had great effects on the population, since there was a more food more children were born and that fuel more workers for the factories.The next fuel for the Industrial Revolution was that Great Britain had many advantages. First was the abundant natural resource which Britain had all three that were needed coal, waterpower, and iron. Second was a affectionate geography since Britain was a island nation had many great harbors, they had many ships which gave them a great over seas trade which provided great raw materials. Among other were great political stability, good banking system and a favorable climate for new ideas.The cotton industry was the first struck by the Industrial Revolution. By 1800 six major inventions had totally transformed the cotton industry.

I won :: essays papers

I wonDo revolutions have to have bloody conflicts in them to be called that? The Industrial whirling is a direct contradiction to that didactics it is the only revolution in history not to have one single drop of blood shed at any time. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1700-1850 in which new technology was being discovered at an alarming rate. The average British person born in 1760 motto more changes in his or her lifetime than ten generations of ancestors had seen in theirs.There were numerous factors that aided the Industrial Revolution. One for instance was the change in terra firma many wealthy landowners started to buy out small landowners this process was called enclosure. In the 1700s many wealthy landowners began to look for new ways to increase the size of their harvests. The first man to experiment in this way was Jethro Tull he improved the process of sowing the author by a seed drill it allowed farmers to sow seed in well-spaced rows at specific depths. The second invention to follow was the invention of crop rotation many farmers wanted to find a way to fete their fields fertile so they would waste a year of planting. So instead of letting the field be barren was to grow a assorted crop each year so it would stay fertile and you could still grow crops. The next improvement in farming was when Robert Bakewell began trying to raise his whole step of livestock by allowing only the best animals to breed he increased the weight of his sheep and also neatly improved the taste of the mutton. This improvements in farming had great effects on the population, since there was a more food more children were born and that fuel more workers for the factories.The next fuel for the Industrial Revolution was that capital Britain had many advantages. First was the abundant natural resource which Britain had all three that were needed coal, waterpower, and iron. Second was a loving geography since Britain was a island nation had many great ha rbors, they had many ships which gave them a great over seas trade which provided great raw materials. Among other were great political stability, good banking system and a favorable climate for new ideas.The cotton industry was the first struck by the Industrial Revolution. By 1800 six major inventions had totally transformed the cotton industry.

Employment Essay

The Organization that we selected as our topic of discussion in our Project root is the Wal-Mart Corporation. Sam Walton is the founder of Wal-Mart. He opened his first store c tout ensembleed Wal-Mart Discount City in Rogers, Arkansas in July of 1962. Their corporate office is currently dictated in Bentonville, Arkansas. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. incorporated its stores on October 31, 1969. In 1972, they started selling stock on the New York Stock exchange. Although, though the company has had controversial operational business practices they contrive grown to be the largest Retail Corporations in the world.In 1997, Wal-Mart was able to become the largest private employer in the United States. In that same grade, their annual sales number over $105 billion. In 2010, Wal-Mart has over 2. 1 one million million million employees worldwide. There 2010 fiscal year sales exceeded $400 billion dollars (Wal-Mart About Us, 2010). I stool been a loyal node of Wal-Mart for years. Therefore, I was shocked when I found out about some of Wal-Marts questionable unofficial policies through talks with friends and family members who take a shited for them in the past and some who currently employed by them. My mother in law worked for them from 2006 thru 2008.She was required to work 8-hour berths without a lunch break on a regular basis. One of my cousins was required to clock out because he was about to be in overtime and act up to work to keep labor greet down. I decided to Google Wal-Mart, to see if other people experienced the same injustice. I was stunned to see some of the practices of this company I loyally supported. consort to an article released by the Associated Press on 12/24/08 called Wal-Mart to Pay Workers Up to $640 Million it pass on pay as much as $640 million to settle 63 lawsuits over wage-and-hour violations, ending years of dispute.Wal-Mart faced 76 similar distinguish action lawsuits in courts across the country as of bump into 31, 2008. These violations range from having employees clock out and continue to work without pay, denying them with lunch breaks that they ar entitled to by law, non-payment for overtime worked. They have also had issues with discrimination against women, resulting, from denying them promotions and paying them slight then their male counterpart even though they held the same position, and in some cases, women had seniority over the men (Associated 2008).It is widely known that Wal-Mart pays its associates below the comely retail wages. In 2008, the average full time Associate (34 hours per week) earns $10. 84 hourly for an annual income of $19,165. That is $2,000 below the Federal Poverty Line for a family of four. In 2007, Wal-Mart CEO Lee Scott earned $29. 7 million in total compensation, or 1,551 times the annual income of the average full time Wal-Mart Associate. Consequently, large portions of their employees dispose to receive government activity Assistance to support their families.Th ey are well aware that they pay their fulltime employees below the poverty level. In fact, Wal-Mart actually encourages their employees to take advantage of the Government Assistant Programs (Wake Up Wal-Mart, 2008). Wal-Mart does non offer its associates affordable healthcare amends bene jibs. According to Wal-Mart employees, when they complained about high the cost of the insurance and lack of coverage it offers their managers would entirely suggest that they try to qualify for Medicaid or Medicare.According to Wal-Mart Facts. om, If an average full-time Wal-Mart employee chooses the least expensive family coverage plan, they would have to spend over 20% of their income onwards the health insurance admitd any reimbursement. An average full time Wal-Mart Associate faces a serious family health issue. They have to pay the entire out-of-pocket level best for the least expensive health plan, which adds up to pay 53% of their income (Wake Up Wal-Mart, 2008). I am just a customer of Wal-Mart. I am an accountant, so I budget my money pretty well and I love a good bargain. However, when I look at this organization and their business practices all I see is greed.Therefore, as a customer I have to question my whether or not to continue to support this business if they persist on behaving in such an manner that is clearly unfair to its employees. This is not a struggling organization. It brings in sales exceeding $100 billion annually. Wal-Mart has the imagings to make their employees strikefully a priority. I would like to believe that they are sincerely willing to make the necessary changes.Wal-Marts management behaves immorally towards its employees. They do not honor their employees needs, rights, or the labor laws that the US put into lace to protect them. Wal-Marts low price on e preciseday household products is what sets them apart from other entailment retailers. Their employees befriend make it possible for them to dominate their competitors in the discount retail market and maintain their competitive advantage. It is essential for employees to feel that the company that employs them provides an ethical organisational culture in order for them to feel a sense of job security and to be motivated to be fur-bearing for the company. What is Organizational Culture? What symbol of OC does Wal-Mart reflect?What effect does their OC have on employee job satisfaction, morale, and performance? What fag management do to improve their employee relations?According to our text Organizational Behavior, eleventh Edition, a companys organizational culture is a shared set of beliefs and values within an organization. The culture is the behaviors that employees feel they are required to fit in order to meet the expectations of their organization (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, & Uhl-Bien, 2010, p. 12). On of the OCIs that the Human Synergistic Study wordses the Aggressive/Defensive Culture.The cultural norms are built upon a value structur e whereby management puts its own interests before those of its key constituentsits customers, employees, suppliers, and even stockholders. Members place priority on doing what is best for themselves over the long-term best interests of their organization. foregoing organizational successes (due to prior leadership, technological patents, or good business strategies) fuel the arrogance and short-term orientation of management and allow Aggressive/Defensive organizations to continue to appear effectiveat least for a while.However, as shown by John Kotter and James Hesketts study of 207 organizations (and consistent with research based on the OCI), this type of value structure prevents organizations from effectively adapting to changes in their environments and ultimately has a negative impact on their financial performance (Human Synergistic 2006). Your business strategies shift your organizations values should not. Organizational values guide employee actions and influence business practices. They help provide meaning for employees searching for an emotional connection to work each day.Also known as ground rules or operating principles, at their best values are actionable guidelines, not to be worried with abstract beliefs that are merely held or posted on a plaque (Organizational Values, 2008). In an Aggressive/Defensive Culture, management tends to have very slight value for people. There focus is on setting destinations and meeting them by any means necessary. They are very competitive and want to devour the competition. about of the characteristics of this type of culture are oppositional, competitive, motivated by power, and perfection.Managers may oppose things indirectly, stubborn, always has to be right, avoids admitting mistakes, resists suggestions made by others, and have a strong need to win or dominate. Their members do not feel any sense of job security. Employees typically believe that they have to go with the follow in an hunting expedit ion to avoid the label troublemaker in order to keep their job. They fears managements retaliation and often feel as though they are in a bitter work environment (Human Synergistic 2006). Staff turnover is near 20-year highs for legion(predicate) companies.Two research firms, Walker Information and Hudson Institute, recently joined forces to conduct a nationwide employee loyalty study. Their results confirmed that staff loyalty is in short supply. Only 24 percent of employees consider themselves truly loyal, committed to their organization and its goals, and readiness to stay at least two years. Thirty-three percent of employees were high risk, not committed and not planning to stay. Thirty-nine percent were classified as trapped. They plan to stay, plainly are not committed to their employer. Among those who felt they worked for an ethical organization, 55 percent were truly loyal.For those who did not feel they worked for an ethical organization, the loyalty simulacrum was 9 percent (Lowenstein 2006). Creating a culture within the organization that nurtures loyalty, commitment, advocacy and productivity from the moment the new hire walks through the door and throughout the lifecycle of the employee will go a long way to sustaining customer loyalty behavior. The good news is that employees, particularly those in customer service, seek trust and trustworthiness and they hope to be bustling contributors to that effort (Lowenstein 2006).The benefits for business of adopting ethical human resource management practices and viewing employees as human capital to be developed and to provide a unique advantage in the marketplace can be utilized as part of a corporate social responsibility strategy. stiff corporate social responsibility requires that along with minimizing harm to the environment, a company needs to be aware of the social impacts of its operations and ensure that they are not harming human stakeholders (Tracey Lloyd 2009).The importance of healt h insurance as an employee benefit is also illustrated by the fact that more than one quarter of Americans report that they or an conterminous family member have encountered job lock, passed up a job opportunity, stayed at a job they would otherwise have quit, or had not retired solely because they ask to keep the health insurance coverage they were receiving. According to another survey, employees are moderately satisfied with their benefits, with 39% of full-time workers reporting this, which is a rise from 32% in 2003 (Reddick 2009).Employers who hope to retain solid, hard-working employees should be prepared to offer basic employee benefits. In addition to salary, good benefits provide important resources that not only help build a positive working relationship between employer and employee but also promote good work habits and financial practices (Thompson 2010).Wal-Mart problem is their leadership style. It reflects many of the characteristics of an Aggressive/Defensive Cult ure. Its issues stem from them putting their interest before the needs of their members. It does not value its employees as of Human Capital.Employees are just another resource used to achieve the organizational objectives. Wal-Mart leaders invest a lot into making decisions and strategies that will get the best prices for their customers and keep their competitive advantages. Nevertheless, they are not investing complete time and effort in training managers on how to deal their human capital. As a result, managers are presented with problems that they have no been prepare for and they avoid the issue or make bad decisions. I find it hard to believe an organization as large and successful as Wal-Mart can make these types of mistakes and they go unrecognized or resolved for so long.Several people had to have been complaining about the errors before having to go before a judge. Considering the validation of the errors during the trial investigation, it is safe to say that if Wal-Ma rt had done its due diligence prior to trial they would have resolved this pay issue. There is no dry land a company of Wal-Marts size and resources could not have identified and addressed the discrepancy prior to it escalating to a court issue. Which raises the question of, was this done intentionally or their employees concerns or grievances are not a priority to them. This type of mmoral behavior ultimately leads to employees distrusting the company, resulting in a low morale, lack of motivation, and high turnover. all company has a distinct set of characteristics that drives the decisions, practices, policies, procedures, and organizational goals, which in turn affects the organizations atmosphere. The biggest influences are going to come from the visions and standards that the Senior Leaders of the company. Wal-Marts employees do not feel any emotional connection or sense of value from their organization, which leads to a lack of job satisfaction, loyalty, and commitment.Of c ourse, this is going to show up in how employees treat customers. All Wal-Mart has to offer is low prices, there is very little customer service. For example, I pulled up to customerservicescoreboard. com and some one posted this comment. Wal-Mart has the worst customer service, worse yet, they ignore any inquiry and advertise that they value it I really have to commit to not shopping there any more lines are long, cashiers are slow and dont even help put bags in carts.Their greeters wont get carts and roll their eyes, the bathrooms are a mess, the shelves are empty, I hope they get what they deserve ower customer count and lower profits today I tried once more and wasnt disappointed, no carts, very long lines and best yet customer service said there was no manager on duty and there were not customer kick forms go figure. mad at Wal-Mart 4/1/10 221PM . In order to change this Wal-Mart has to consider ways to attract and retain productive employees (Customer 2009). Another issue is the lack on emphasis on teamwork. Employees concerns and suggestions have no validity. They are not included in any part of the goal setting or decision making process on the individual store retail level.The my way or no way management mental attitude does not work. There has to be some compromise. SOLUTIONS Wal-Mart has to change their leadership style. The CEO and other major Leaderships need to take a more active affair in establishing acceptable managerial behavioral procedures and rules to direct the organization. Instead of reacting to all of the bad press concerning their employee relations they need to take a more active approach to dealing with all of the stigmas attached to the company.For example, they can start by sending out a corporate communication-notifying managers and employees that the company is about to undergo so major changes to and are about to invest in an organization overhaul that will put just as much value in pickings care of the associates that make their sales possible and they put into their valued customers. Wal-Mart can continue to ride the cloud of success with no regards to the long-term ramifications of lack of change, but these are the cost of avoidance. Change will be forced upon them one of two ways.The lawsuits will continue to come and the courts will make to settlements high enough that Wal-Mart will feel the financial sting of their unethical behavior. Secondly, they will start to see a significant decrease in their sales because of the poor customer services rendered by their distrusting, low morale, and unmotivated associates. Considering how large Wal-Marts organization is this change would be a major project they could consider doing it in-house, but I suggest they hire an outside consulting firm that to oversee the project in order to get some fresh ideas and strategies.Of course, they would be collaborating with Wal-Marts project team in order to what the deliverables are to complete the project. Wal-Mart L eaders need to ensure total participation by giving the project team the financial and staff resources undeniable to complete the project. The first step would be to perform a training needs analysis and determine where the practice and policy breakdowns are occurring. Then address the issue, by establishing a new uniform policy, updating the employee handbook, training managers and employees on the new policies, and finally enforcing it.This project will take about a year to prepared, reviewed, and implemented. Prioritization will be according to the most critical needs, such as proper employee pay protocol, anti- discrimination policy training, and team building programs. For example, have a workplace diversity class set up to teach managers how to cultivate diversity and to prevent discrimination. Require that managers have a complete training class annually. Address and investigate all allegations of discrimination immediately. Written documentation is required for discriminati on allegation, investigation, and resolution steps that taken.The only way to ensure that employees feel a since of organizational justice is to uphold the companies policies on the matter. Consequently, immediate punishment is required if an employee found guilty of the allegation. aerate out corporate communication, notifying employees of the companies commitment to improve employee relations. Send the communication via email and display it in high traffic areas. Express managements desire to include employees in some of the decisions that directly affect them by establishing an Employee social function Team to be apart of the project.That will help Management and employees address employee concerns and grievances, such as a fair and competitive wages and health insurance package. Allowing employees to be apart of the decision making process will help management get feedback on the best ways to go about achieving up coming goals, while building team commitment, loyalty, and mora l. There will be annual policies will be reviews and revision if necessary. Managers and employees will complete skill estimation tests annually.There will be skill-training classes set up to teach managers how to promote effective communication and leadership abilities. Issue training results to department heads and certificates of completion to participants. Finally, pucker feedback from the managers and employees to evaluate, results and feelings on the process improvements. Leave a comment section to get their feelings on the companies efforts to improve employee relations. Identify remaining problems and work with the In-house Project Team and the Employee troth Team to improve them.

The Two Shopkeepers- Kantian Ethics and Consequentialism

Liza G Prof. Williams Ethics 21 November 2011 The Two Shopkeepers One of the several(prenominal) topics covered in Kants Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is the issued of two shopkeepers. One shopkeeper is honest with his customers in order to maintain a positive temper and improve profits. The second one is honest because he thinks it is recompense and exercises his respect for the virtuousistic law. The first shopkeeper is motivated to be honest by the rewards of a positive reputation and profit. The second is motivated by respect for honourablely right doing.Taking these motivations into consideration from the standpoint of Kantian ethics, it is clear which shopkeeper is playing right. Kant believes that phone numberions that atomic number 18 consistent with moral law, yet motivated for desires for happiness or pleasure argon absent of moral worth. One reason he fill ups this brush off be seen in Groundwork where he introduces the idea of the categorical imperat ive. This idea contains two formulas, the first one states that one ought to act totally according to that dictum by which you can at the same time will that it should be a universal law (Singer 274).In otherwise words, if ones principle, or maxim, behind what they are doing is something they would be willing to make a universal law, it is a good action. The first shopkeepers motivation to be honest is inconsistent with this formula, as their maxim of being honest is purely selfish, and it would not be effective if willed to a universal law. This is because it fails the concept of reversibility, for in an ideal society one would indispensability others to treat him according to what the other person is doing.In this case, society would not function in the sense of moral rightness because if everyone acted honest to each other for solely their benefit, no one could trust anyone else or assume they are performing out of respect for the moral law. Since the first shopkeepers action fails the notion of reversibility, it also fails the universalizability test in which actions can be willed into a universal law. Secondly, the first shopkeeper is not acting in compliance with Kants second formula of the end in itself.This notion of respect for persons has to do with treating people as having intrinsic value in and of themselves. The first shopkeeper is only acting to reward himself through the means of his customers. The fact that he is not rewarding customers with honesty, but complying with the moral law in order to reward himself with a good reputation and profit makes it so that he is not acting rightly. The second shopkeeper, however, is acting in consistency with Kants categorical imperative. This shopkeeper acts in accordance with the first formulation of universalizability.Unlike the first, the second shopkeeper is honest because he knows it is morally right. And this passes the universalizability test since an ideal society would inhabit people who act based on the sense of right and unseasonable, according to Kant. The keepers honesty is also reversible, because if others in a society acted out of respect for the moral law like he is, everyone would be acting right towards one another. He complies with the second formulation by his honesty with customers out of respect for the moral law.He is not only using the treatment of his customers as a means for honesty, but also as an end respect for the moral law. In other words, being honest with his customers is not only enabling him to act morally right, but allowing him to be evaluated as respecting the moral law (Singer 274-275). Now, a consequentialist judgment would not judge the shopkeepers moral intentions, but would judge the acts they do by the consequences they produce. Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory where actions are right or wrong based on the consequences that result from action.This contradicts Kants notion of evaluating the moral intentions of the actio n, regardless of the consequence it produces. This theory often adopts ideas seen within utilitarianism, where an action is good or right considering how many people it benefits. For example, a consequentalist may say murder of one person to save one hundred people is right simply because of its consequence. just now a non-consequentialist, or deontologist, such as Kant would conclude that killing someone is always morally wrong regardless of the consequence.Applying the consequentialist theory to the shopkeepers actions, one can conclude that neither of the shopkeepers is acting in accordance with the ideas of consequentialism. Evaluation of their actions through the mind of a consequentialist will explain this conclusion. Considering the utilitarianist approach within the theory of consequetialism, neither of the shopkeepers is acting rightly. This is because a utilitarianist judges a situation based on how many people it will produce the best consequences for.Since the first sho pkeeper is simply benefitting himself, he is not acting in accordance with this process of judgment, but rather benefiting his own ego. And the second shopkeeper is also not acting in accordance with this process because, if anything, he is only benefitting himself with the thumbing of acting morally right since he acts in respect for moral law. His honesty may allow him to feel confident that he is doing the right thing, but it fails to benefit anyone else in a sufficient way.Personally, I see the situation from the consequentalist point of view to be imminent related to my own perception of the shopkeepers actions. I say this because I tend to cast consideration for other people aside. That is to say, the respect for persons and passage of the universalizability test are not as important in determining my actions. I see consideration for the greater society as well as for myself of more immensity than acting in accordance with moral law.For instance, I perceive killing one pers on for the greater good of one hundred as a more realistic and commonsensical than refraining from benefiting all of those people because killing is morally wrong. The fact that I label myself as a realist also greatly affects which standpoint I see fit. The realistic view to have for the sake of the betterment of society is definitely that of a consequentialist, as acting solely for respect of moral law can sometimes harm humanity. This especially applies to cases where morally right thinking contradicts logical thinking, like in the example of sacrificing one for the sake of many.

Powerful Approach To Teaching Physics Education Essay

In nigh local schools, structured enquiry, a really controlled attack, is the most prevailing type of enquiry instruction. Guided enquiry on the other manus is a modified urinateion in which the elaborate stairss on how to depend into argon non provided. This helps pupils to explicate their ain solutions when work outing the prank. Students bum critical thought accomplishments during this procedure. Open enquiry may non be suited for secondary stagecoach because of its non-structured attack. Making usage of incompatible events in natural philosophies enquiries, consequences in cognitive struggle that enhances pupils conceptual apprehension and their attitudes towards critical thought activities ( Fensham & A Kass, 1988 ) . Discrepant events are fun to utilize because it creates this cognitive struggle that motivates pupils to believe critically, discuss and seek to explicate the incompatible event. There are many more ways of call for forthing enquiry such as utilizing pres entations, prosecuting in hypothesis testing, affecting pupils in making scientific discipline and weaving inquiry-based research lab probe into all(prenominal) lesson.I feel that the burden lies on instructors to assist pupils do advancement from structured to guided enquiry by scaffolding the lesson ab initio. As pupils get better and confident at utilizing enquiry, this aid can bit by bit be removed, taking to guided enquiry. By fiting pupils to understand their milieus, they will be able to use the scientific procedure accomplishments learned in the schoolroom to every country of their lives.Harmonizing to Gardner ( 1983 ) , people express their acquisition in eight disparate ways. Every pupil has a preferable manner of acquisition and showing themselves. Classs are really diverse, at that placefore differentiated direction is required to provide to the septuple intelligences of pupils. Teachers must be unambiguously cognizant of the pupils in their schoolrooms every bit se vere as the content they are presenting ( Tomlinson & A McTighe, 2006 ) . Since pupils think really differently and larn constructs with assorted grades of success, it is imperative for instructors to happen ways to ease acquisition for every whiz. Effective instructional schemes meet the demands of multiple groups of scholars at the analogous clip. Teaching with commixture can assist relieve ennui, supply more chances to larn and let pupils to believe and larn in their ain ways. Concurrently, this allows chances for instructors to widen students thought and acquisition repertory. Amongst there may be loath scholars of natural philosophies who may hold some ability but deficiency motive. This is where differentiated direction king pull their tending and focal point on the topic.I believe that the key to differentiated larning includes working collaboratively with pupils to be after learning attacks so that many different attacks are available, letting pupils select ways that fit them best ( Kottler & A Costa, 2009 ) . Everyone additions non merely new information but new ways of larning through different reflection of thoughts and sen mnts. When discoursing hard overpowers in natural philosophies, the category can be divided into assorted ability groups. A set of inquiries with different trouble degrees are attached to each ability group and pupils are to discourse their solutions to the job. I will name upon weaker pupils to show replies to simpler inquiries and better pupils to show replies to more ambitious inquiries. By employ differentiated direction as an instruction tool, everyone learns collaboratively, and assurance can be built when pupils are able to reply the inquiries. Overall, pupils will profit through peer-mediated acquisition. accomplishment can be thought as roll uping information and apprehension it. It is of class possible to hive away big sums of information in your chief and regurgitate as needed. However, understanding makes productive believing possible ( Moseley et al. , 2005 ) . In natural philosophies, there are many facts and expression to retrieve. Schools have be take after good at jaming in and proving this sort of information ( Kusukawa and Maclean, 2006 ) . Students are frequently encouraged to memorise facts and expression in order to salvage the fuss of understanding them to the full. However, organism able to remember facts and supply the right reply is nil compared to the value of understanding.Teaching for understanding is non easy. Understanding is the procedure of doing mental connexions to fall in espy of cognition into larger units so they make sense to one ( Newton, 2008 ) . Even if a instructor explains natural philosophies good, pupils may non hold grasped the construct because he/she might non understand in the manner a instructor does. As a instructor, we provide them parts of a saber saw and at the same time assist fall in these spots to other saber saw they already possess ( Cerbin, 2000 ) . In my sentiment, developing apprehension of natural philosophies cognitions can be fulfilling and actuating to pupils as it can assist them foretell or explicate new state of affairss. Although some things have to be memorised, we as instructors should promote pupils to construct on their apprehension before memorising the construct. As get downing instructors, we have to bear in head that the twenty-first century demands novel ways of job resolution and critical thought. Above that, we need to hold the ability to dismantle thoughts and reassemble them. Our present learning methods must be invariably re-evaluated and aligned to the complexnesss of our fellowship by emphasizing significance over memorizing, quality over measure and apprehension over consciousness ( Mintzes, Wandersee and Novak, 1998 ) .Teaching of natural philosophies requires both information and give notice from instructors in order to assist pupils larn. I now realize that there is a profound difference between geting information and gaining true apprehension. As a beginning instructor, I feel that alternatively of merely conveying information through one-way communicating, the instructor should make bipartisan or multi-way exchange, to assist pupils come on on the way to greater understanding. To represent this, I believe that we can do usage of end-of-unit undertakings to measure pupils apprehension of a peculiar subject by using the relevant natural philosophies constructs to undertake real-world state of affairss or jobs posed to them.Harmonizing to Schon ( 1983 ) , the first measure in looking in front requires one to look back and reflect upon your ain acquisition. It is of import to recognize what learning methods or schemes did or did non work when I was a scholar and interpret this to the same degree when I become a instructor in the current twenty-first century context.

Quantitative and Qaulity Research

duodecimal & Qualitative Research COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Introduction This make-up comp argons and contrasts soft and quantitative question methods in three basic areas. These are the of their epistemic foundations, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. The paper ends with a sketch summary of the primary points made. Comparison incrustation, Borg and Gall (1996) discuss several similarities and differences between soft and quantitative research methods. With respect to similarities, both kinds of research formulate epistemological positions regarding the constitution of causation and reality and both comprise a set of methods for designing research, collecting data, analyzing data, and deriving schooling from data collection and analysis.However, they differ in footing of the epistemological positions they advocate and in the methods they hold to be appropriate for meaningful scientific inquiry. One primary difference betw een the two research methods accord to Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) involves their epistemological assumptions approximately the spirit that causality. The quantitative method, according to the authors, rests on a view of causation as an external, measurable force that occurs independently of the perceiver and dejection be gived to explain diverse phenomena.On the other hand, the conceptual foundation of qualitative research holds that causation itself is predominately a human interpretive process. The precede assumptions hit implications for how scientists should carry reality. Quantitative research roots its methods of acquiring information in a view that holds that reality is external to the observer whereas the qualitative method grounds its methodological principles and practices in the notion of reality as an interpretative construct.This point has been discussed by Wainwright (1997) who states that typically qualitative research seeks to discover information about any g iven phenomenon by obtaining an in-depth understanding of the meanings and definitions of the phenomenon that are conceptualized by informants moreover, these need not be galore(postnominal) informants a simple case study of one individual is said to yield much given the subjective element of reality.Quantitative research, ground on its assumptions of causation and reality, attempts to arrive at an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon by measuring it in many fairly objective manner with results that can be established as valid by a set of clump scientific/methodological principles of inquiry and set criteria for reliability and validity. It seeks for results that are stable across time.Thus, while qualitative research aims at discovering how a very base collective interpret a phenomenon, quantitative research looks at more or less objective index of the phenomenon attempting to produce information that is stable and valid for large populations and samples. Gall, Borg and G all (1996) note that for some domains such as education, the existing knowledge base consists of information obtained by both quantitative and qualitative research.The authors point out that many research experts believe it is quite acceptable to use both kinds of research to collect information about a given phenomenon despite their differing assumptions-provided that the two methods are assigned differing roles in ground of the contribution they make to understanding the phenomenon being studied. With respect to the foregoing, qualitative methods are assigned the role of intensively observing some small sample and conceptualizing possible themes, patterns, processes, and/or structures as being involved in the phenomenon of interest.Quantitative methods are then called upon to determine whether the conceptualized constructs are supportable or confirmed. For example, a quantitative study might be leaded of three special education students responses to inclusion with possible patte rns of response being conceptualized based on this small sample. Quantitative methods would then be used to determine whether this pattern of response is present in a much larger collective of special education students.Thus, qualitative and quantitative research can be seen as training together in complementary fashion. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) report that the extent to which the two types of research can work to complement each other, in actual practice, is dependent on two contingencies. First, the phenomena being studied must be stable across time. Second, qualitative researchers must provide constructs that can be operationalized which is to say that can be measured in some objective way using a quantitative system of some sort.If these conditions are satisfied, quantitative measures can then be used to support whether what is present at the individual or case aim is also present for larger populations and samples. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) further report that some resear chers do not believe the two research approaches can actually work together in a complementary fashion this because of their differing epistemological views of causation and reality views which make for not only conceptual but also weighed down methodological differences.For example, quantitative research stipulates that a researcher must state what can be expected to be revealed by his data analysis based on existing research (hypothesis formulation and testing). Qualitative researchers, however, believe that theories and concepts are only meaningfully derived AFTER the data has been collected. Similarly, the two research types differ in the methods they use to derive meaningful information from the data. Quantitative methods hold that the data should be analyse statistically while quantitative research holds that it should be analyzed using formal methods of reasoning and interpretation.Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) have also listed some of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods in terms of the reports each placement outputs following their investigations. In this regard, the authors state that the reports of quantitative research tend to be impersonal and objective write-ups of research findings. Qualitative research reports, on the other hand, are said to reflect the researchers analytical reconstruction and interpretation of data provided to readers with an awareness that the readers themselves will, in fact, reinterpret what is reported.However, since it is likely that the epistemological structures of both research methods have some truth and some error in their epistemological frameworks, Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) state that it is quite possible that both methods can contribute valid data and so edify scientists attempts to understand a given phenomena when used together in a complementary fashion. Given the foregoing, it seems reasonable to suggest that the determination as to whether a given researcher should use qual itative or quantitative methods, or use both conjointly, may depend upon the nature of information he desires and the use to which it shall be put.For example, Crowl (1996) states that if a researcher desires to focus on some complex issue and to use it in a pragmatic way, then it is wise to conduct research using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Both methods are said to provide a broader examination of the phenomenon and thus yield a replete(predicate) understanding of its complex structure. This broader look, in turn, is said to foster greater insight into the ways the information can be practically applied. Mertes (1998) states that there are definite kinds of information needs that are better suited to being answered using qualitative methods than quantitative methods.These are said to include (1) the need to understand in detail why an individual does something (2) the need to determine what aspects, components, or elements of a given issue or phenomenon are in-chi ef(postnominal) and why they are important (3) the need to identify a full range of responses or opinions existing in a given collective and (4) the need to find areas of consensus in patterns of response. On the other hand, Mertes (1998) states that quantitative research is probably the best choice if there is a need to determine how many or to measure some volume-related characteristic of a collective.In other words, quantitative research should be used when there is an interest in how many people in a population have a particular characteristic or response. Further, Mertes (1998) reports that quantitative research is appropriate for measuring attitudes and behaviors, for profiling certain groups, and for formulating predictions. One particularly interesting point about qualitative and quantitative research methods is to note that the distinguishing characteristics are actual differences only to a certain extent.For example, McKereghan (1998) notes that qualitative and quantitativ e research can be imposing in several ways and goes on to list some of these differences. Specifically, it is noted that quantitative research is objective qualitative research is subjective. Quantitative research seeks informative laws qualitative research aims at in-depth description. Quantitative research measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws. Qualitative research is an geographic expedition of what is assumed to be a dynamic reality.It does not claim that what is discovered in the process is universal and, thus, replicable. However, what McKereghan (1998) points out is that when actual research studies are examined in methodological detail, they seldom fit the sharp clear models of differences that are provided in written discussions of the two research approaches. Rather, in most any given study, elements of quantitative and qualitative procedures can be found. Because of this, McKereghan argues that discussing research using th is dichotomy may not be especially applicable to what actually goes on in the founding of research.Thus, while the two methods can be distinguished, it is probably important to note that this clarity of distinction is present far more in theory than in practice. Finally, it can be noted that quantitative methods help to make generalizations to larger groups and follow a well-established and respected set of statistical procedures, of which the properties are well-understood. However, in terms of practice, there is again an important issue related to whether practice actually meets the standards set for this research approach.As noted by Gall, Borg and Gall (1996), many studies are knowing poorly, i. e. , many studies cannot find a significant difference when one exists, due to insufficient sample sizes or to extremely small effect sizes. Further, quantitative methods are often misinterpreted. Summary In this papers comparison of qualitative and quantitative research methods, sever al points were made. It was noted that the two research approaches differ in terms of their epistemological positions on causation and reality and this in turn makes for a number of methodological differences in the approaches.For example, it was noted that qualitative research typically entails in-depth analysis of relatively few subjects for which a rich set of data is collected and organized. Quantitative research, on the other hand, was said to entail the proper application of statistics to typically a large number of subjects. Further, the points were made that while quantitative research is objective qualitative research is subjective. Also, it was noted that quantitative research seeks explanatory laws qualitative research aims at in-depth description.In addition, quantitative research was said to measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws while qualitative research is an exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic, shifting, int erpretative reality. It was noted that due to the differing nature of the two research approaches, it is likely that the selection of which to use will depend upon the nature of the information sought by the researcher and the use to which this information will be put. Examples were offered showing the kind of research to which each method or a combination of methods are particularly suited.Finally, the point was made that while there appear to be large differences between the approach from a philosophical/conceptual position, in actual research, methods from both approaches are often used. Further, the standards set for conducting each particular type of research, especially quantitative research, are often not met. References Crowl, T. K. (1996). rudiments of educational research (2nd ed. ) Madison, WI Brown and Benchmark. Gall, M. D. , Borg, W. R. & Gall, J. P. (1996). Educational research An introduction (6th ed. White Plains, NY Longman. McKereghan, D. L. (1998). Quantitative versus qualitative research An attempt to clarify the problem. Document available athttp//socrates. fortunecity. com/qvq. html. Mertes, D. M. (1998). Research methods in education and psychology Integrating diversity with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Wainwright, D. (1997). Can sociological research be qualitative, tiny and valid? The Qualitative Report, 3(2). Document available http//nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/wain. html.

Anniversairy suprise †Short Story Essay

John and Wendy had always been the perfect couple. They had practically invented happily ever after. After octad years together they were the couple with everything the perfect relationship, a lifestyle their friends envied and a future others could only dream of.On their anniversary Wendy always made their even unforgettable. This would be no exception. She was up early to cook him a delightful breakfast, she gave him a kiss on the lips and straightened his collar before he walked out the door. She began to plunder the house from top to bottom and with her shopping list carefully prepared she backed the car out of the garage and set off for the shops.After stocking up at the super market and the butcher, Wendy picked up a special anniversary surprise, before she booked her appointment at the hairdressers. She wanted to look her best for him so he would always appreciate that he was married to the woman of his dreams.It was a wet and windy day, umbrellas were being blown inside out and people were huddling for shelter. Wendys hair was windblown and her face was wet from the rain sweeping across the railway platform. As the doors of the train opened there was a rush of cold, break off and flustered passengers filling the carriage. Seats were full and standing passengers were pressed up against complete strangers. This was how John and Wendy met. John apologised for splashing her and when she turned to reply she knew then that there was a connection.In the months and years that followed their relationship strengthened but their lives took separate paths. Johns law career took off and his reputation and popularity soared. Wendy, however, found herself in his shadow. Her struggle to put out a novel was fraught with disappointment and missed opportunities. There talks were all of his clients, his cases and his victories. Her world was a solitary one, with little to celebrate.The demands of his job increased, his hours at action consumed more of his time and sh e began to wonder what absorbed so much of his attention. His accounts of lunches with clients, weekend conferences and late night briefings contributed to her insecurity.She needed to find a solution to her dilemma.It was the evening of their anniversary. She poured him a glass of wine, a shiraz, his favourite year, the year they met. This would be an unforgettable vintage.Darling lets drink to our future together. He raised his glass and swirled the claret. To us he exclaimed and emptied his glass. The glass shattered as it hit the wooden floor. John grimaced and swayed finally, falling to his knees, while clutching his chest. In an instant he was dead.She cleared away the dishes from the table and wiped light the kitchen top. There was a knock at the door. Stepping carefully over the lifeless body of her now former husband, she walked towards the door. She turned the latch, a cold gust get in the hallway as she opened the door. She switched on the light revealing the silhouett e of a man. He whispered Is everything taken care of? I have the tickets. She nodded enceinte away not Now we can begin our new life together. Get your bags